[ { "id": "fig-01_three-geographies", "slug": "three-geographies", "type": "map", "title": "Three places. More than 830 million people.", "subtitle": "2024 population / million people · geography identifies the three comparators, not their relative population size", "act": 0, "body": "The EU is a union of 27 states, Canada and the United States are federations. Keep that institutional difference in view throughout the comparison.", "caveat": "Categorical colors identify Canada, the United States and the fixed EU27 membership. Map area does not encode population. The clipped Atlantic locator uses generalized Natural Earth boundaries; small and offshore territories may be absent. Exact population values are separate from geography.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SP.POP.TOTL", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL" }, { "label": "Natural Earth · 1:110m country boundaries (public domain)", "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/110m-cultural-vectors/110m-admin-0-countries/" } ], "unit": "million people", "decimals": 1, "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "year": 2024, "value": 450.228188 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2024, "value": 41.262329 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2024, "value": 340.003797 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "categorical-thematic-map" }, { "id": "fig-02_economic-weight", "slug": "economic-weight", "type": "area-squares", "title": "One Atlantic. Three very different scales.", "subtitle": "2024 · nominal GDP in US$ trillions; area represents output", "act": 0, "body": "At market exchange rates, the U.S. economy is larger than the EU economy. Canada is much smaller. Size matters for bargaining power; it says little about the experience of the typical household.", "caveat": "Nominal dollars measure market size, not real growth or living standards. Only these three economies are shown.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · NY.GDP.MKTP.CD", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD" } ], "unit": "US$ trillion", "decimals": 1, "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "year": 2024, "value": 19.501078750999397 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2024, "value": 2.27007618968346 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2024, "value": 29.298013 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "proportional-symbol-grid" }, { "id": "fig-03_output-per-person", "slug": "output-per-person", "type": "line", "title": "The output gap is substantial—and persistent.", "subtitle": "2000–2024 · real GDP per person at purchasing power parity", "act": 0, "body": "Adjusting for population and local price levels changes the question. U.S. output per person remains substantially higher. GDP is production; it is not median household income, disposable income or a welfare score.", "caveat": "Constant 2021 international dollars. National averages hide distribution and hours worked.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD" } ], "unit": "international $", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Year", "yLabel": "GDP per person · constant 2021 international $", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 40161.0962541705, "year": 2000, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 41009.6231907529, "year": 2001, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 41423.9551021717, "year": 2002, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 41730.1192122343, "year": 2003, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 42726.6206274142, "year": 2004, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 43477.091531045, "year": 2005, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 44947.0641658876, "year": 2006, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 46274.9825825459, "year": 2007, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 46521.2455019681, "year": 2008, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 44430.4810088447, "year": 2009, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 45251.0407991375, "year": 2010, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 46206.0702456512, "year": 2011, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 45788.921010839, "year": 2012, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 45724.832051248, "year": 2013, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 46455.5685991692, "year": 2014, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 47490.9137112119, "year": 2015, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 48336.5082885839, "year": 2016, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 49704.2541206968, "year": 2017, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 50737.2331625802, "year": 2018, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 51662.076917369, "year": 2019, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 48769.5135471727, "year": 2020, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 51968.4388292725, "year": 2021, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 53777.3333629812, "year": 2022, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 53861.7951609765, "year": 2023, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 54341.6257163912, "year": 2024, "country": "EUU" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 48399.2864445547, "year": 2000, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 48774.1483226516, "year": 2001, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 49694.9870914363, "year": 2002, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 50139.7664579994, "year": 2003, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 51210.6593966138, "year": 2004, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 52356.5371486354, "year": 2005, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 53195.7608573851, "year": 2006, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 53761.8407991685, "year": 2007, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 53711.6580329654, "year": 2008, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 51552.4020321975, "year": 2009, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 52558.4200617806, "year": 2010, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 53681.1084809345, "year": 2011, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 54034.7821680318, "year": 2012, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 54712.1568593677, "year": 2013, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 55723.4615652506, "year": 2014, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 55660.8455840759, "year": 2015, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 55606.1329948184, "year": 2016, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 56612.3062191777, "year": 2017, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 57337.4682870033, "year": 2018, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 57583.8230739204, "year": 2019, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 54092.8576890836, "year": 2020, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 56995.0952020711, "year": 2021, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 58583.1299860138, "year": 2022, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 58088.3778077995, "year": 2023, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 57534.0915185335, "year": 2024, "country": "CAN" } ] }, { "id": "USA", "label": "U.S.", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 55045.6745311559, "year": 2000, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 55024.3542766281, "year": 2001, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 55443.2199435683, "year": 2002, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 56505.4468784112, "year": 2003, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 58139.0820195229, "year": 2004, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 59612.3907215559, "year": 2005, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 60684.3399832539, "year": 2006, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 61314.4520816367, "year": 2007, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 60806.2238713713, "year": 2008, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 58722.496767251, "year": 2009, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 59797.0736545937, "year": 2010, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 60253.2035796719, "year": 2011, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 61142.3637034265, "year": 2012, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 61966.6621370894, "year": 2013, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 63026.8779187814, "year": 2014, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 64367.7188912582, "year": 2015, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 65025.9855980616, "year": 2016, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 66164.0320014289, "year": 2017, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 67728.4424921024, "year": 2018, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 69121.4580016741, "year": 2019, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 67406.8311325507, "year": 2020, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 71441.231980595, "year": 2021, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 72828.7430907189, "year": 2022, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 74351.6718197429, "year": 2023, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 75698.1773354629, "year": 2024, "country": "USA" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "line-chart" }, { "id": "fig-04_recovery-paths", "slug": "recovery-paths", "type": "indexed", "title": "Recovery looks different once population enters.", "subtitle": "2019 = 100 · real GDP per person, 2019–2024", "act": 0, "body": "Indexing removes the initial income gap and isolates the recovery path. The scale of an economy and the output available per resident can move in different directions.", "caveat": "Each economy has its own 2019 baseline. An index does not compare income levels.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD" } ], "unit": "index", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Year", "yLabel": "2019 = 100", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [ { "value": 100, "label": "2019 baseline" } ], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 2019, "y": 100, "year": 2019, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 94.40099286983212, "year": 2020, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 100.59301121864208, "year": 2021, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 104.09440845553975, "year": 2022, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 104.25789742662852, "year": 2023, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 105.18668423514606, "year": 2024, "country": "EUU" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "points": [ { "x": 2019, "y": 100, "year": 2019, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 93.93759358360863, "year": 2020, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 98.97761586427919, "year": 2021, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 101.73539521822055, "year": 2022, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 100.8762091624785, "year": 2023, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 99.91363623890852, "year": 2024, "country": "CAN" } ] }, { "id": "USA", "label": "U.S.", "points": [ { "x": 2019, "y": 100, "year": 2019, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 97.51940002613678, "year": 2020, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 103.35608369092087, "year": 2021, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 105.36343589418355, "year": 2022, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 107.56670065892146, "year": 2023, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 109.51472889016536, "year": 2024, "country": "USA" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "indexed-line-chart" }, { "id": "fig-05_growth-denominator", "slug": "growth-denominator", "type": "dumbbell", "title": "Canada grew. Output per person fell.", "subtitle": "2024 · annual change in total real GDP and real GDP per person", "act": 0, "body": "Population growth can expand aggregate demand and the economy while reducing output per person in the short run. Canada makes that distinction particularly visible in 2024.", "caveat": "Descriptive accounting comparison; it does not estimate the causal effect of migration.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG" }, { "label": "World Bank WDI · NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG" } ], "unit": "%", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Annual real growth · %", "startLabel": "Total GDP", "endLabel": "Per person", "references": [ { "value": 0, "label": "Zero growth" } ], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "start": 1.08657885620458, "end": 0.787818911505255 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "start": 2.04626605401701, "end": -0.954212030330638 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "start": 2.79318715363841, "end": 1.81099561417319 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "dumbbell-chart" }, { "id": "fig-06_europe-distribution", "slug": "europe-distribution", "type": "beeswarm", "title": "“Europe” is not a representative country.", "subtitle": "2024 · each dot is one EU member; Canada and U.S. shown for comparison", "act": 0, "body": "The EU aggregate combines economies at very different income levels. The small high-income outliers also remind us that GDP can be shaped by cross-border commuting and multinational accounting.", "caveat": "Equal-size country dots are not a distribution of people. Ireland and Luxembourg need particular care.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD" } ], "unit": "international $", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Real GDP per person · constant 2021 international $", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "Austria", "country": "AUT", "year": 2024, "value": 63787.9891749462 }, { "label": "Belgium", "country": "BEL", "year": 2024, "value": 63311.2766917178 }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "country": "BGR", "year": 2024, "value": 34221.3866940362 }, { "label": "Croatia", "country": "HRV", "year": 2024, "value": 42828.7997273569 }, { "label": "Cyprus", "country": "CYP", "year": 2024, "value": 52861.8359375 }, { "label": "Czechia", "country": "CZE", "year": 2024, "value": 47972.53171792 }, { "label": "Denmark", "country": "DNK", "year": 2024, "value": 71034.5789667138 }, { "label": "Estonia", "country": "EST", "year": 2024, "value": 41185.8348356109 }, { "label": "Finland", "country": "FIN", "year": 2024, "value": 55901.3202296588 }, { "label": "France", "country": "FRA", "year": 2024, "value": 54799.3482689389 }, { "label": "Germany", "country": "DEU", "year": 2024, "value": 62654.602264023 }, { "label": "Greece", "country": "GRC", "year": 2024, "value": 37474.2798239947 }, { "label": "Hungary", "country": "HUN", "year": 2024, "value": 40747.1986679668 }, { "label": "Ireland", "country": "IRL", "year": 2024, "value": 118833.312071751 }, { "label": "Italy", "country": "ITA", "year": 2024, "value": 53284.8745049149 }, { "label": "Latvia", "country": "LVA", "year": 2024, "value": 37615.0762450744 }, { "label": "Lithuania", "country": "LTU", "year": 2024, "value": 47462.0039386975 }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "country": "LUX", "year": 2024, "value": 128475.283540415 }, { "label": "Malta", "country": "MLT", "year": 2024, "value": 62398.4892388947 }, { "label": "Netherlands", "country": "NLD", "year": 2024, "value": 70493.9051219267 }, { "label": "Poland", "country": "POL", "year": 2024, "value": 45153.0439773281 }, { "label": "Portugal", "country": "PRT", "year": 2024, "value": 42228.1580446502 }, { "label": "Romania", "country": "ROU", "year": 2024, "value": 40503.8323253789 }, { "label": "Slovak Republic", "country": "SVK", "year": 2024, "value": 40302.4514288424 }, { "label": "Slovenia", "country": "SVN", "year": 2024, "value": 48658.0265180267 }, { "label": "Spain", "country": "ESP", "year": 2024, "value": 48460.2914069661 }, { "label": "Sweden", "country": "SWE", "year": 2024, "value": 62558.4065876041 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2024, "value": 57534.0915185335 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2024, "value": 75698.1773354629 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "beeswarm-plot" }, { "id": "fig-07_investment", "slug": "investment", "type": "slope", "title": "Investment intensity does not mirror the income ranking.", "subtitle": "2000 → 2024 · gross fixed capital formation as a share of GDP", "act": 1, "body": "Canada devotes a substantial share of output to fixed investment. That total includes housing and public and private capital; composition, utilization and productivity matter alongside the amount.", "caveat": "This is total fixed investment, not government investment or a measure of productive quality.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS" } ], "unit": "% of GDP", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Fixed investment · % of GDP", "startLabel": "2000", "endLabel": "2024", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "start": 22.7059326293035, "end": 21.1702761724934 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "start": 19.5993356617119, "end": 22.9101597496711 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "start": 23.1462794870174, "end": 21.3498335194267 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "line-chart" }, { "id": "fig-08_innovation-ranks", "slug": "innovation-ranks", "type": "bump", "title": "The U.S. leads in R&D intensity. Canada and the EU switched places.", "subtitle": "2000, 2010, 2020, 2023 · rank among these three by R&D expenditure / GDP", "act": 1, "body": "Research spending is a forward-looking input, not proof of future commercial success. The rank chart exposes a change in relative position; the exact percentages remain available below.", "caveat": "Ranks discard distance. This is a three-economy comparison, not a world ranking; 2023 is the latest common year.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS" } ], "unit": "% of GDP", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Year", "yLabel": "Rank within the comparison", "rankValues": false, "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 1.75999874566084, "year": 2000, "country": "EUU", "label": "1.76%" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 1.95746478625747, "year": 2010, "country": "EUU", "label": "1.96%" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 2.27883471874776, "year": 2020, "country": "EUU", "label": "2.28%" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 2.26277335792334, "year": 2023, "country": "EUU", "label": "2.26%" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 1.85849, "year": 2000, "country": "CAN", "label": "1.86%" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 1.82504, "year": 2010, "country": "CAN", "label": "1.83%" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 1.93413, "year": 2020, "country": "CAN", "label": "1.93%" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 1.81048, "year": 2023, "country": "CAN", "label": "1.81%" } ] }, { "id": "USA", "label": "U.S.", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 2.61982, "year": 2000, "country": "USA", "label": "2.62%" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 2.71443, "year": 2010, "country": "USA", "label": "2.71%" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 3.41788, "year": 2020, "country": "USA", "label": "3.42%" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 3.44716, "year": 2023, "country": "USA", "label": "3.45%" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "bump-chart" }, { "id": "fig-09_public-services", "slug": "public-services", "type": "bar", "title": "Canada and the EU devote more to public consumption.", "subtitle": "2024 · government final consumption expenditure / GDP", "act": 1, "body": "This national-accounts measure captures publicly supplied current services. It provides a narrow comparison of service provision, alongside the separate fiscal evidence on total spending.", "caveat": "EXCLUDES cash income transfers and capital formation. It must not be read as total government expenditure.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · NE.CON.GOVT.ZS", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.GOVT.ZS" } ], "unit": "% of GDP", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Government final consumption · % GDP", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "year": 2024, "value": 21.4585965327951 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2024, "value": 21.4371583416196 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2024, "value": 13.6249512893588 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "horizontal-bar-chart" }, { "id": "fig-10_defence", "slug": "defence", "type": "bar", "title": "US military expenditure starts from a higher share.", "subtitle": "2024 · military expenditure as a share of GDP", "act": 1, "body": "The U.S. devotes a larger fraction of output to military expenditure. These are measured spending estimates, distinct from future targets and political announcements.", "caveat": "World Bank/SIPRI definition. EU aggregate includes members outside NATO. This is not a NATO target-compliance chart.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS" } ], "unit": "% of GDP", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Military spending · % GDP", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "year": 2024, "value": 1.90097847355581 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2024, "value": 1.31303419578919 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2024, "value": 3.41921653228044 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "horizontal-bar-chart" }, { "id": "fig-11_state-size", "slug": "state-size", "type": "bar", "title": "EU governments spend a larger share of output.", "subtitle": "2024 · total general-government expenditure / GDP", "act": 1, "body": "EU member governments collectively spend a larger share of output than Canada or the United States. This is a size comparison; composition and outcomes determine what that spending accomplishes.", "caveat": "IMF Fiscal Monitor April 2026. EU27 is calculated with IMF nominal-GDP weights across all 27 governments; it is not the budget of EU institutions.", "sources": [ { "label": "IMF Fiscal Monitor · G_X_G01_GDP_PT", "url": "https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_X_G01_GDP_PT@FM/CAN/USA" }, { "label": "IMF WEO nominal GDP used to weight EU27 fiscal ratios", "url": "https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/api/v1/NGDPD" }, { "label": "IMF Fiscal Monitor methodological and statistical appendix", "url": "https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2026/april/english/msa.pdf" } ], "unit": "% of GDP", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "General-government expenditure · % GDP", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "year": 2024, "value": 49.01964907320282 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2024, "value": 44.3422353373 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2024, "value": 37.737588113875 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "horizontal-bar-chart" }, { "id": "fig-12_health-conversion", "slug": "health-conversion", "type": "connected-scatter", "title": "More health spending does not guarantee a longer life.", "subtitle": "2000 → 2010 → 2019 → 2023 · health spending and life expectancy", "act": 2, "body": "The U.S. spends much more per person on health care, yet life expectancy is lower. Health systems, prices, inequality, behavior and external causes of death all contribute; this chart alone cannot allocate responsibility.", "caveat": "Spending uses CURRENT international dollars. Its time path includes price changes. This is not a causal frontier or an efficiency estimate. Thin gray context paths show Germany, France, Sweden, Poland and Spain from the same frozen World Bank series. These countries are included in the EU aggregate; they are a selected context set, not an independent control group.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SH.XPD.CHEX.PP.CD", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.PP.CD" }, { "label": "World Bank WDI · SP.DYN.LE00.IN", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN" } ], "unit": "years", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Health expenditure / person · current international $", "yLabel": "Life expectancy at birth · years", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 1814.10098466579, "y": 77.0782450771112, "year": 2000, "country": "EUU", "label": "2000" }, { "x": 3181.49175263948, "y": 79.6354307923887, "year": 2010, "country": "EUU", "label": "2010" }, { "x": 4673.57118012375, "y": 81.3194524901835, "year": 2019, "country": "EUU", "label": "2019" }, { "x": 5805.95433538822, "y": 81.4249329538218, "year": 2023, "country": "EUU", "label": "2023" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "points": [ { "x": 2405.67150004447, "y": 79.1668292682927, "year": 2000, "country": "CAN", "label": "2000" }, { "x": 4266.82014677183, "y": 81.3221951219512, "year": 2010, "country": "CAN", "label": "2010" }, { "x": 5554.96352468819, "y": 82.1585365853659, "year": 2019, "country": "CAN", "label": "2019" }, { "x": 7355.35531519482, "y": 81.6263414634146, "year": 2023, "country": "CAN", "label": "2023" } ] }, { "id": "USA", "label": "U.S.", "points": [ { "x": 4548.55482518934, "y": 76.6365853658537, "year": 2000, "country": "USA", "label": "2000" }, { "x": 7836.08833444849, "y": 78.5414634146342, "year": 2010, "country": "USA", "label": "2010" }, { "x": 10550.2206945449, "y": 78.7878048780488, "year": 2019, "country": "USA", "label": "2019" }, { "x": 13473.1932166645, "y": 78.3853658536585, "year": 2023, "country": "USA", "label": "2023" } ] }, { "id": "DEU", "label": "Germany", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "DEU", "year": 2000, "x": 2682.23159519481, "y": 77.9268292682927, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2010, "x": 4301.94597121756, "y": 79.9878048780488, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2019, "x": 6779.50798127688, "y": 81.2926829268293, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2023, "x": 8306.1829027705, "y": 81.0414634146342, "label": "2023" } ] }, { "id": "FRA", "label": "France", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "FRA", "year": 2000, "x": 2516.14798857592, "y": 79.0560975609756, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2010, "x": 4053.72290431611, "y": 81.6634146341463, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2019, "x": 5719.34530056227, "y": 82.8268292682927, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2023, "x": 6719.07670921652, "y": 82.8317073170732, "label": "2023" } ] }, { "id": "SWE", "label": "Sweden", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "SWE", "year": 2000, "x": 2172.99343077727, "y": 79.6439024390244, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2010, "x": 3506.36369928294, "y": 81.4512195121951, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2019, "x": 6267.40709725547, "y": 83.109756097561, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2023, "x": 7512.07018462638, "y": 83.309756097561, "label": "2023" } ] }, { "id": "POL", "label": "Poland", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "POL", "year": 2000, "x": 564.333435262893, "y": 73.7487804878049, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2010, "x": 1351.69377197768, "y": 76.2463414634146, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2019, "x": 2292.10627205968, "y": 77.9048780487805, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2023, "x": 3331.75281821589, "y": 78.2585365853659, "label": "2023" } ] }, { "id": "ESP", "label": "Spain", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "ESP", "year": 2000, "x": 1471.28940339616, "y": 78.9658536585366, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2010, "x": 2922.45425954828, "y": 81.6268292682927, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2019, "x": 4075.97609213283, "y": 83.8317073170732, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2023, "x": 4934.94772587453, "y": 83.9341463414634, "label": "2023" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "connected-scatterplot" }, { "id": "fig-13_longevity", "slug": "longevity", "type": "line", "title": "Longer lives have not followed the output ranking.", "subtitle": "2000–2024 · life expectancy at birth", "act": 2, "body": "The three trajectories expose a gap that predates the pandemic and a sharp pandemic disruption. These are period life expectancies: summaries of current mortality conditions, not forecasts of a newborn’s eventual lifespan.", "caveat": "The EUU aggregate is retained from the source. EU national differences appear separately.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SP.DYN.LE00.IN", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN" } ], "unit": "years", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Year", "yLabel": "Life expectancy · years", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 77.0782450771112, "year": 2000, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 77.4256390326754, "year": 2001, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 77.5340746440768, "year": 2002, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 77.5923748441053, "year": 2003, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 78.1178281794517, "year": 2004, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 78.2751410316852, "year": 2005, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 78.6721282949285, "year": 2006, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 78.9060450955774, "year": 2007, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 79.1296281887548, "year": 2008, "country": "EUU" }, { 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81.4249329538218, "year": 2023, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 81.5608466061313, "year": 2024, "country": "EUU" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 79.1668292682927, "year": 2000, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 79.3980487804878, "year": 2001, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 79.5307317073171, "year": 2002, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 79.7151219512195, "year": 2003, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 79.9921951219512, "year": 2004, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 80.1126829268293, "year": 2005, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 80.5436585365854, "year": 2006, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 80.5436585365854, "year": 2007, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 80.7246341463415, "year": 2008, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 81.0660975609756, "year": 2009, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 81.3221951219512, "year": 2010, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 81.4826829268293, "year": 2011, 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2000, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 76.8365853658537, "year": 2001, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 76.9365853658537, "year": 2002, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 77.0365853658537, "year": 2003, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 77.4878048780488, "year": 2004, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 77.4878048780488, "year": 2005, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 77.6878048780488, "year": 2006, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 77.9878048780488, "year": 2007, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 78.0390243902439, "year": 2008, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 78.390243902439, "year": 2009, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 78.5414634146342, "year": 2010, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 78.6414634146341, "year": 2011, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 78.7414634146342, "year": 2012, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 78.7414634146342, "year": 2013, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 78.8414634146341, "year": 2014, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 78.690243902439, "year": 2015, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 78.5390243902439, "year": 2016, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 78.5390243902439, "year": 2017, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 78.6390243902439, "year": 2018, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 78.7878048780488, "year": 2019, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 76.9804878048781, "year": 2020, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 76.3292682926829, "year": 2021, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 77.4341463414634, "year": 2022, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 78.3853658536585, "year": 2023, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 78.890243902439, "year": 2024, "country": "USA" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "line-chart" }, { "id": "fig-14_gender-longevity", "slug": "gender-longevity", "type": "dumbbell", "title": "The longevity gap also runs within every society.", "subtitle": "2024 · male and female life expectancy at birth", "act": 2, "body": "Women live longer on this measure in each of the three economies. Comparing the endpoints makes the within-economy difference visible beside the cross-economy gap.", "caveat": "Published male/female series; period life expectancy, not a prediction for individuals.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN" }, { "label": "World Bank WDI · SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN" } ], "unit": "years", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Life expectancy at birth · years", "startLabel": "Male", "endLabel": "Female", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "start": 79.0409682094254, "end": 84.2185287218725 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "start": 80.03, "end": 84.29 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "start": 76.5, "end": 81.4 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "dumbbell-chart" }, { "id": "fig-15_child-survival", "slug": "child-survival", "type": "line", "title": "Child mortality fell everywhere. The gap remains.", "subtitle": "2000–2024 · deaths before age five per 1,000 live births", "act": 2, "body": "The long-run decline is a shared success. The remaining differences are still consequential: low rates are not interchangeable rates when the outcome is a child’s survival.", "caveat": "UN inter-agency estimates via World Bank; point estimates, without uncertainty bands in this extract. Lower is better. Thin gray context paths show Germany, France, Sweden, Poland and Spain from the same frozen World Bank series. These countries are included in the EU aggregate; they are a selected context set, not an independent control group.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SH.DYN.MORT", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT" } ], "unit": "per 1,000", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Year", "yLabel": "Deaths before age 5 / 1,000 live births", "zeroBaseline": true, "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 7.16598936295681, "year": 2000, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 6.83733219005194, "year": 2001, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 6.60518227697341, "year": 2002, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 6.37822473171958, "year": 2003, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 6.15534521246253, "year": 2004, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 5.91993705430458, "year": 2005, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 5.65147207409268, "year": 2006, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 5.42348341235373, "year": 2007, 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"y": 6.5, "year": 2022, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 6.5, "year": 2023, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 6.5, "year": 2024, "country": "USA" } ] }, { "id": "DEU", "label": "Germany", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "DEU", "year": 2000, "x": 2000, "y": 5.4, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2001, "x": 2001, "y": 5.2, "label": "2001" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2002, "x": 2002, "y": 5.1, "label": "2002" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2003, "x": 2003, "y": 5, "label": "2003" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2004, "x": 2004, "y": 4.9, "label": "2004" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2005, "x": 2005, "y": 4.7, "label": "2005" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2006, "x": 2006, "y": 4.6, "label": "2006" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2007, "x": 2007, "y": 4.5, "label": "2007" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2008, "x": 2008, "y": 4.4, "label": "2008" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2009, "x": 2009, "y": 4.3, "label": "2009" }, { "country": "DEU", "year": 2010, 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"country": "DEU", "year": 2024, "x": 2024, "y": 3.7, "label": "2024" } ] }, { "id": "FRA", "label": "France", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "FRA", "year": 2000, "x": 2000, "y": 5.4, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2001, "x": 2001, "y": 5.2, "label": "2001" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2002, "x": 2002, "y": 5.1, "label": "2002" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2003, "x": 2003, "y": 4.9, "label": "2003" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2004, "x": 2004, "y": 4.8, "label": "2004" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2005, "x": 2005, "y": 4.6, "label": "2005" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2006, "x": 2006, "y": 4.5, "label": "2006" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2007, "x": 2007, "y": 4.4, "label": "2007" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2008, "x": 2008, "y": 4.4, "label": "2008" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2009, "x": 2009, "y": 4.3, "label": "2009" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2010, "x": 2010, "y": 4.2, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2011, "x": 2011, "y": 4.2, "label": "2011" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2012, "x": 2012, "y": 4.1, "label": "2012" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2013, "x": 2013, "y": 4.1, "label": "2013" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2014, "x": 2014, "y": 4.1, "label": "2014" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2015, "x": 2015, "y": 4.2, "label": "2015" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2016, "x": 2016, "y": 4.2, "label": "2016" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2017, "x": 2017, "y": 4.2, "label": "2017" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2018, "x": 2018, "y": 4.2, "label": "2018" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2019, "x": 2019, "y": 4.2, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2020, "x": 2020, "y": 4.2, "label": "2020" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2021, "x": 2021, "y": 4.3, "label": "2021" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2022, "x": 2022, "y": 4.3, "label": "2022" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2023, "x": 2023, "y": 4.3, "label": "2023" }, { "country": "FRA", "year": 2024, "x": 2024, "y": 4.3, "label": "2024" } ] }, { "id": "SWE", "label": "Sweden", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "SWE", "year": 2000, "x": 2000, "y": 4.1, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2001, "x": 2001, "y": 4, "label": "2001" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2002, "x": 2002, "y": 4, "label": "2002" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2003, "x": 2003, "y": 3.9, "label": "2003" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2004, "x": 2004, "y": 3.7, "label": "2004" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2005, "x": 2005, "y": 3.6, "label": "2005" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2006, "x": 2006, "y": 3.5, "label": "2006" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2007, "x": 2007, "y": 3.3, "label": "2007" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2008, "x": 2008, "y": 3.2, "label": "2008" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2009, "x": 2009, "y": 3.1, "label": "2009" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2010, "x": 2010, "y": 3.1, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2011, "x": 2011, "y": 3, "label": "2011" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2012, "x": 2012, "y": 3, "label": "2012" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2013, "x": 2013, "y": 2.9, "label": "2013" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2014, "x": 2014, "y": 2.9, "label": "2014" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2015, "x": 2015, "y": 2.9, "label": "2015" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2016, "x": 2016, "y": 2.8, "label": "2016" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2017, "x": 2017, "y": 2.8, "label": "2017" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2018, "x": 2018, "y": 2.7, "label": "2018" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2019, "x": 2019, "y": 2.6, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2020, "x": 2020, "y": 2.6, "label": "2020" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2021, "x": 2021, "y": 2.5, "label": "2021" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2022, "x": 2022, "y": 2.5, "label": "2022" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2023, "x": 2023, "y": 2.4, "label": "2023" }, { "country": "SWE", "year": 2024, "x": 2024, "y": 2.4, "label": "2024" } ] }, { "id": "POL", "label": "Poland", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "POL", "year": 2000, "x": 2000, "y": 9.3, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2001, "x": 2001, "y": 8.8, "label": "2001" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2002, "x": 2002, "y": 8.4, "label": "2002" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2003, "x": 2003, "y": 8.1, "label": "2003" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2004, "x": 2004, "y": 7.8, "label": "2004" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2005, "x": 2005, "y": 7.6, "label": "2005" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2006, "x": 2006, "y": 7.3, "label": "2006" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2007, "x": 2007, "y": 7, "label": "2007" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2008, "x": 2008, "y": 6.7, "label": "2008" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2009, "x": 2009, "y": 6.3, "label": "2009" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2010, "x": 2010, "y": 6, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2011, "x": 2011, "y": 5.7, "label": "2011" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2012, "x": 2012, "y": 5.4, "label": "2012" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2013, "x": 2013, "y": 5.2, "label": "2013" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2014, "x": 2014, "y": 5, "label": "2014" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2015, "x": 2015, "y": 4.9, "label": "2015" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2016, "x": 2016, "y": 4.8, "label": "2016" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2017, "x": 2017, "y": 4.6, "label": "2017" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2018, "x": 2018, "y": 4.5, "label": "2018" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2019, "x": 2019, "y": 4.5, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2020, "x": 2020, "y": 4.4, "label": "2020" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2021, "x": 2021, "y": 4.4, "label": "2021" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2022, "x": 2022, "y": 4.3, "label": "2022" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2023, "x": 2023, "y": 4.3, "label": "2023" }, { "country": "POL", "year": 2024, "x": 2024, "y": 4.2, "label": "2024" } ] }, { "id": "ESP", "label": "Spain", "context": true, "points": [ { "country": "ESP", "year": 2000, "x": 2000, "y": 5.4, "label": "2000" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2001, "x": 2001, "y": 5.3, "label": "2001" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2002, "x": 2002, "y": 5.1, "label": "2002" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2003, "x": 2003, "y": 5, "label": "2003" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2004, "x": 2004, "y": 4.9, "label": "2004" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2005, "x": 2005, "y": 4.7, "label": "2005" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2006, "x": 2006, "y": 4.5, "label": "2006" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2007, "x": 2007, "y": 4.4, "label": "2007" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2008, "x": 2008, "y": 4.2, "label": "2008" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2009, "x": 2009, "y": 4, "label": "2009" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2010, "x": 2010, "y": 3.8, "label": "2010" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2011, "x": 2011, "y": 3.7, "label": "2011" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2012, "x": 2012, "y": 3.6, "label": "2012" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2013, "x": 2013, "y": 3.5, "label": "2013" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2014, "x": 2014, "y": 3.4, "label": "2014" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2015, "x": 2015, "y": 3.3, "label": "2015" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2016, "x": 2016, "y": 3.3, "label": "2016" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2017, "x": 2017, "y": 3.2, "label": "2017" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2018, "x": 2018, "y": 3.2, "label": "2018" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2019, "x": 2019, "y": 3.2, "label": "2019" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2020, "x": 2020, "y": 3.2, "label": "2020" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2021, "x": 2021, "y": 3.2, "label": "2021" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2022, "x": 2022, "y": 3.2, "label": "2022" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2023, "x": 2023, "y": 3.2, "label": "2023" }, { "country": "ESP", "year": 2024, "x": 2024, "y": 3.2, "label": "2024" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "line-chart" }, { "id": "fig-16_who-pays-health", "slug": "who-pays-health", "type": "stacked", "title": "Health care is financed through different channels.", "subtitle": "2023 · shares of current health expenditure; each bar totals 100%", "act": 2, "body": "Public financing, direct household payments and other financing sources form different mixes. A lower out-of-pocket share does not automatically mean a lower household burden when total health expenditure is much higher.", "caveat": "Other financing is residual: 100 minus government and out-of-pocket shares. It includes voluntary insurance and other sources; it is not synonymous with insurance.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SH.XPD.GHED.CH.ZS", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.GHED.CH.ZS" }, { "label": "World Bank WDI · SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS" } ], "unit": "%", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Share of current health expenditure · %", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "segments": [ { "label": "Government", "value": 74.4263577858569 }, { "label": "Out of pocket", "value": 14.8758607248602 }, { "label": "Other financing", "value": 10.697781489282907 } ] }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "segments": [ { "label": "Government", "value": 70.30995178 }, { "label": "Out of pocket", "value": 15.20306873 }, { "label": "Other financing", "value": 14.486979489999994 } ] }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "segments": [ { "label": "Government", "value": 53.95373535 }, { "label": "Out of pocket", "value": 10.92723846 }, { "label": "Other financing", "value": 35.11902619 } ] } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "100percent-stacked-bar-chart" }, { "id": "fig-17_longevity-distribution", "slug": "longevity-distribution", "type": "beeswarm", "title": "Europe contains several longevity stories.", "subtitle": "2024 · EU member states, Canada and the United States", "act": 2, "body": "The EU average is useful for comparing scale. It can hide differences large enough to matter for the apparent comparison with North America.", "caveat": "Equal-size dots represent country averages, not individual lifespans or population weights.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SP.DYN.LE00.IN", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN" } ], "unit": "years", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Life expectancy at birth · years", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "Austria", "country": "AUT", "year": 2024, "value": 81.9951219512195 }, { "label": "Belgium", "country": "BEL", "year": 2024, "value": 82.3 }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "country": "BGR", "year": 2024, "value": 75.7609756097561 }, { "label": "Croatia", "country": "HRV", "year": 2024, "value": 78.9292682926829 }, { "label": "Cyprus", "country": "CYP", "year": 2024, "value": 81.821 }, { "label": "Czechia", "country": "CZE", "year": 2024, "value": 79.9780487804878 }, { "label": "Denmark", "country": "DNK", "year": 2024, "value": 82.2536585365854 }, { "label": "Estonia", "country": "EST", "year": 2024, "value": 79.2951219512195 }, { "label": "Finland", "country": "FIN", "year": 2024, "value": 82.3365853658537 }, { "label": "France", "country": "FRA", "year": 2024, "value": 82.9804878048781 }, { "label": "Germany", "country": "DEU", "year": 2024, "value": 80.7926829268293 }, { "label": "Greece", "country": "GRC", "year": 2024, "value": 81.8390243902439 }, { "label": "Hungary", "country": "HUN", "year": 2024, "value": 76.7243902439025 }, { "label": "Ireland", "country": "IRL", "year": 2024, "value": 83.009756097561 }, { "label": "Italy", "country": "ITA", "year": 2024, "value": 83.9512195121951 }, { "label": "Latvia", "country": "LVA", "year": 2024, "value": 76.4292682926829 }, { "label": "Lithuania", "country": "LTU", "year": 2024, "value": 77.1951219512195 }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "country": "LUX", "year": 2024, "value": 83.1951219512195 }, { "label": "Malta", "country": "MLT", "year": 2024, "value": 82.9560975609756 }, { "label": "Netherlands", "country": "NLD", "year": 2024, "value": 81.9658536585366 }, { "label": "Poland", "country": "POL", "year": 2024, "value": 78.409756097561 }, { "label": "Portugal", "country": "PRT", "year": 2024, "value": 82.3829268292683 }, { "label": "Romania", "country": "ROU", "year": 2024, "value": 76.4585365853659 }, { "label": "Slovak Republic", "country": "SVK", "year": 2024, "value": 78.3707317073171 }, { "label": "Slovenia", "country": "SVN", "year": 2024, "value": 82.2853658536585 }, { "label": "Spain", "country": "ESP", "year": 2024, "value": 83.8878048780488 }, { "label": "Sweden", "country": "SWE", "year": 2024, "value": 84.0634146341463 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2024, "value": 82.1080487804878 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2024, "value": 78.890243902439 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "beeswarm-plot" }, { "id": "fig-18_education-budget", "slug": "education-budget", "type": "lollipop", "title": "Education budgets are inputs, not attainment.", "subtitle": "2021 · government education expenditure / GDP; EU member median", "act": 3, "body": "A budget share captures the resources committed to education. It does not reveal instructional quality, the distribution of opportunity, private spending or what students actually learn.", "caveat": "EU value is the official median of 26 reporting members, NOT EU expenditure divided by EU GDP. Canada and U.S. are national figures. Public spending only; 2021 is the latest common year.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS" } ], "unit": "% of GDP", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Public education spending · % GDP", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU member median (26)", "country": "EUU", "year": 2021, "value": 4.79329490661621 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2021, "value": 4.74858999252319 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2021, "value": 5.42038011550903 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "lollipop-chart" }, { "id": "fig-19_pisa-subjects", "slug": "pisa-subjects", "type": "parallel", "title": "The education comparison depends on the subject.", "subtitle": "PISA 2025 · mean scores for all EU27 members, Canada and the U.S.", "act": 3, "body": "Follow the same country across science, reading and mathematics. Canada and the US remain prominent; Germany is the initial EU-country example, and inspection brings any other member into focus. All 87 supplied confidence intervals are retained. No EU mean is invented.", "caveat": "Country means with sampling uncertainty. Canada and U.S. carry response/sampling cautions in the report; scores are not a causal school-quality ranking. No invented EU average. Source sampling flags apply to Canada, the United States and the Netherlands. Canada had 77.4% weighted student response against an 80% standard and potential upward student-level bias. The precise US/Netherlands adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted. Unflagged rows are not a comparability certification.", "sources": [ { "label": "OECD PISA 2025 · CMEC official report, tables B.1.2 / B.3.3–5", "url": "https://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/448/PISA_2025_Public_Report_EN.pdf" } ], "unit": "PISA points", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Assessment domain", "yLabel": "Country", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "Estonia", "country": "EST", "category": "Science", "value": 527, "se": 2.3, "ci_low": 523, "ci_high": 532 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "category": "Science", "value": 510, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 507, "ci_high": 514, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling caution: 77.4% weighted student response, below the 80% standard; potential upward student-level bias." }, { "label": "Finland", "country": "FIN", "category": "Science", "value": 504, "se": 2.3, "ci_low": 500, "ci_high": 509 }, { "label": "United States", "country": "USA", "category": "Science", "value": 502, "se": 5.8, "ci_low": 490, "ci_high": 513, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling flag; precise country-specific adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted." }, { "label": "Ireland", "country": "IRL", "category": "Science", "value": 500, "se": 2.2, "ci_low": 495, "ci_high": 504 }, { "label": "Austria", "country": "AUT", "category": "Science", "value": 497, "se": 2.7, "ci_low": 492, "ci_high": 502 }, { "label": "Poland", "country": "POL", "category": "Science", "value": 495, "se": 2.7, "ci_low": 490, "ci_high": 500 }, { "label": "Czechia", "country": "CZE", "category": "Science", "value": 490, "se": 2.6, "ci_low": 485, "ci_high": 495 }, { "label": "Belgium", "country": "BEL", "category": "Science", "value": 490, "se": 2.9, "ci_low": 484, "ci_high": 495 }, { "label": "Lithuania", "country": "LTU", "category": "Science", "value": 488, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 484, "ci_high": 491 }, { "label": "Germany", "country": "DEU", "category": "Science", "value": 486, "se": 3.5, "ci_low": 479, "ci_high": 492 }, { "label": "Netherlands", "country": "NLD", "category": "Science", "value": 485, "se": 2.8, "ci_low": 480, "ci_high": 491, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling flag; precise country-specific adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted." }, { "label": "Sweden", "country": "SWE", "category": "Science", "value": 485, "se": 3, "ci_low": 479, "ci_high": 491 }, { "label": "Slovenia", "country": "SVN", "category": "Science", "value": 484, "se": 1.3, "ci_low": 481, "ci_high": 486 }, { "label": "France", "country": "FRA", "category": "Science", "value": 483, "se": 3.2, "ci_low": 477, "ci_high": 490 }, { "label": "Italy", "country": "ITA", "category": "Science", "value": 483, "se": 2.5, "ci_low": 478, "ci_high": 488 }, { "label": "Portugal", "country": "PRT", "category": "Science", "value": 482, "se": 3.5, "ci_low": 475, "ci_high": 489 }, { "label": "Hungary", "country": "HUN", "category": "Science", "value": 480, "se": 2.4, "ci_low": 475, "ci_high": 485 }, { "label": "Denmark", "country": "DNK", "category": "Science", "value": 478, "se": 2.4, "ci_low": 473, "ci_high": 482 }, { "label": "Spain", "country": "ESP", "category": "Science", "value": 477, "se": 1.9, "ci_low": 473, "ci_high": 481 }, { "label": "Croatia", "country": "HRV", "category": "Science", "value": 476, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 473, "ci_high": 480 }, { "label": "Slovak Republic", "country": "SVK", "category": "Science", "value": 475, "se": 2.5, "ci_low": 470, "ci_high": 480 }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "country": "LUX", "category": "Science", "value": 474, "se": 1.1, "ci_low": 472, "ci_high": 476 }, { "label": "Latvia", "country": "LVA", "category": "Science", "value": 468, "se": 2.1, "ci_low": 464, "ci_high": 472 }, { "label": "Malta", "country": "MLT", "category": "Science", "value": 453, "se": 1.5, "ci_low": 449, "ci_high": 456 }, { "label": "Greece", "country": "GRC", "category": "Science", "value": 434, "se": 2.9, "ci_low": 429, "ci_high": 440 }, { "label": "Romania", "country": "ROU", "category": "Science", "value": 425, "se": 4.2, "ci_low": 417, "ci_high": 433 }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "country": "BGR", "category": "Science", "value": 421, "se": 4.1, "ci_low": 413, "ci_high": 429 }, { "label": "Cyprus", "country": "CYP", "category": "Science", "value": 411, "se": 1.5, "ci_low": 408, "ci_high": 414 }, { "label": "Ireland", "country": "IRL", "category": "Reading", "value": 500, "se": 2, "ci_low": 496, "ci_high": 504 }, { "label": "Estonia", "country": "EST", "category": "Reading", "value": 499, "se": 2.5, "ci_low": 494, "ci_high": 504 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "category": "Reading", "value": 490, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 486, "ci_high": 493, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling caution: 77.4% weighted student response, below the 80% standard; potential upward student-level bias." }, { "label": "United States", "country": "USA", "category": "Reading", "value": 490, "se": 5.8, "ci_low": 478, "ci_high": 501, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling flag; precise country-specific adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted." }, { "label": "Poland", "country": "POL", "category": "Reading", "value": 482, "se": 2.8, "ci_low": 476, "ci_high": 487 }, { "label": "Finland", "country": "FIN", "category": "Reading", "value": 474, "se": 2.1, "ci_low": 470, "ci_high": 478 }, { "label": "Italy", "country": "ITA", "category": "Reading", "value": 474, "se": 2.6, "ci_low": 469, "ci_high": 479 }, { "label": "Czechia", "country": "CZE", "category": "Reading", "value": 468, "se": 2.7, "ci_low": 463, "ci_high": 474 }, { "label": "Austria", "country": "AUT", "category": "Reading", "value": 467, "se": 2.6, "ci_low": 462, "ci_high": 472 }, { "label": "Sweden", "country": "SWE", "category": "Reading", "value": 466, "se": 3.1, "ci_low": 460, "ci_high": 473 }, { "label": "Belgium", "country": "BEL", "category": "Reading", "value": 466, "se": 3, "ci_low": 460, "ci_high": 472 }, { "label": "Germany", "country": "DEU", "category": "Reading", "value": 465, "se": 3.6, "ci_low": 458, "ci_high": 472 }, { "label": "Lithuania", "country": "LTU", "category": "Reading", "value": 464, "se": 1.9, "ci_low": 460, "ci_high": 468 }, { "label": "Portugal", "country": "PRT", "category": "Reading", "value": 462, "se": 3.2, "ci_low": 456, "ci_high": 468 }, { "label": "Denmark", "country": "DNK", "category": "Reading", "value": 460, "se": 2.4, "ci_low": 455, "ci_high": 465 }, { "label": "France", "country": "FRA", "category": "Reading", "value": 456, "se": 3.2, "ci_low": 450, "ci_high": 463 }, { "label": "Croatia", "country": "HRV", "category": "Reading", "value": 453, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 450, "ci_high": 457 }, { "label": "Hungary", "country": "HUN", "category": "Reading", "value": 452, "se": 2.3, "ci_low": 448, "ci_high": 457 }, { "label": "Spain", "country": "ESP", "category": "Reading", "value": 451, "se": 1.9, "ci_low": 448, "ci_high": 455 }, { "label": "Slovak Republic", "country": "SVK", "category": "Reading", "value": 448, "se": 2.6, "ci_low": 443, "ci_high": 453 }, { "label": "Slovenia", "country": "SVN", "category": "Reading", "value": 445, "se": 1.3, "ci_low": 442, "ci_high": 447 }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "country": "LUX", "category": "Reading", "value": 443, "se": 1.1, "ci_low": 441, "ci_high": 445 }, { "label": "Netherlands", "country": "NLD", "category": "Reading", "value": 441, "se": 2.9, "ci_low": 436, "ci_high": 447, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling flag; precise country-specific adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted." }, { "label": "Latvia", "country": "LVA", "category": "Reading", "value": 430, "se": 2, "ci_low": 426, "ci_high": 434 }, { "label": "Greece", "country": "GRC", "category": "Reading", "value": 423, "se": 3.2, "ci_low": 416, "ci_high": 429 }, { "label": "Malta", "country": "MLT", "category": "Reading", "value": 415, "se": 1.6, "ci_low": 411, "ci_high": 418 }, { "label": "Romania", "country": "ROU", "category": "Reading", "value": 413, "se": 4, "ci_low": 405, "ci_high": 421 }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "country": "BGR", "category": "Reading", "value": 387, "se": 3.9, "ci_low": 379, "ci_high": 394 }, { "label": "Cyprus", "country": "CYP", "category": "Reading", "value": 379, "se": 1.3, "ci_low": 377, "ci_high": 382 }, { "label": "Estonia", "country": "EST", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 508, "se": 2.3, "ci_low": 503, "ci_high": 512 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 485, "se": 1.9, "ci_low": 482, "ci_high": 489, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling caution: 77.4% weighted student response, below the 80% standard; potential upward student-level bias." }, { "label": "Poland", "country": "POL", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 484, "se": 2.8, "ci_low": 479, "ci_high": 490 }, { "label": "Netherlands", "country": "NLD", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 483, "se": 2.9, "ci_low": 478, "ci_high": 489, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling flag; precise country-specific adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted." }, { "label": "Ireland", "country": "IRL", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 480, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 476, "ci_high": 483 }, { "label": "Belgium", "country": "BEL", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 480, "se": 2.8, "ci_low": 474, "ci_high": 485 }, { "label": "Austria", "country": "AUT", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 477, "se": 2.6, "ci_low": 472, "ci_high": 482 }, { "label": "Czechia", "country": "CZE", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 477, "se": 2.6, "ci_low": 472, "ci_high": 482 }, { "label": "Denmark", "country": "DNK", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 471, "se": 2.1, "ci_low": 466, "ci_high": 475 }, { "label": "Lithuania", "country": "LTU", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 470, "se": 1.9, "ci_low": 467, "ci_high": 474 }, { "label": "Slovak Republic", "country": "SVK", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 469, "se": 2.4, "ci_low": 464, "ci_high": 474 }, { "label": "Finland", "country": "FIN", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 469, "se": 2.2, "ci_low": 464, "ci_high": 473 }, { "label": "Italy", "country": "ITA", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 468, "se": 2.8, "ci_low": 462, "ci_high": 473 }, { "label": "Sweden", "country": "SWE", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 464, "se": 2.5, "ci_low": 459, "ci_high": 469 }, { "label": "Germany", "country": "DEU", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 464, "se": 3, "ci_low": 458, "ci_high": 470 }, { "label": "United States", "country": "USA", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 463, "se": 5.4, "ci_low": 452, "ci_high": 473, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling flag; precise country-specific adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted." }, { "label": "Latvia", "country": "LVA", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 460, "se": 1.7, "ci_low": 457, "ci_high": 464 }, { "label": "Portugal", "country": "PRT", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 460, "se": 3.5, "ci_low": 453, "ci_high": 467 }, { "label": "Slovenia", "country": "SVN", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 460, "se": 1.2, "ci_low": 458, "ci_high": 462 }, { "label": "Hungary", "country": "HUN", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 459, "se": 2.5, "ci_low": 455, "ci_high": 464 }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "country": "LUX", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 458, "se": 0.9, "ci_low": 456, "ci_high": 460 }, { "label": "France", "country": "FRA", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 458, "se": 3, "ci_low": 452, "ci_high": 464 }, { "label": "Spain", "country": "ESP", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 457, "se": 1.7, "ci_low": 454, "ci_high": 461 }, { "label": "Croatia", "country": "HRV", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 455, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 452, "ci_high": 459 }, { "label": "Malta", "country": "MLT", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 439, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 436, "ci_high": 443 }, { "label": "Greece", "country": "GRC", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 424, "se": 2.9, "ci_low": 418, "ci_high": 430 }, { "label": "Romania", "country": "ROU", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 419, "se": 4.5, "ci_low": 410, "ci_high": 428 }, { "label": "Cyprus", "country": "CYP", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 412, "se": 1.4, "ci_low": 409, "ci_high": 414 }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "country": "BGR", "category": "Mathematics", "value": 405, "se": 4, "ci_low": 397, "ci_high": 413 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "dot-and-whisker-plot", "focusCountry": "DEU" }, { "id": "fig-20_pisa-reading-distribution", "slug": "pisa-reading-distribution", "type": "percentile-range", "title": "The same reading mean can conceal different distributions.", "subtitle": "PISA 2025 reading · P10–P90 range, inner quartiles and median", "act": 3, "body": "Canada and the United States both have a published reading mean of 490. The U.S. distribution stretches further in both directions. A national mean can conceal both stronger top performance and a weaker lower tail.", "caveat": "Selected EU members are reference cases, not an EU aggregate. These are student percentile ranges, not confidence intervals. Reported values are rounded; sampling cautions apply to Canada and the U.S.", "sources": [ { "label": "OECD PISA 2025 · CMEC official report, tables B.1.2 / B.3.3–5", "url": "https://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/448/PISA_2025_Public_Report_EN.pdf" } ], "unit": "PISA points", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Reading score · PISA points", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "Estonia", "country": "EST", "start": 373, "end": 619, "innerStart": 435, "innerEnd": 566, "median": 503, "reported_p90_p10": 246 }, { "label": "Poland", "country": "POL", "start": 343, "end": 611, "innerStart": 412, "innerEnd": 556, "median": 486, "reported_p90_p10": 267 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "start": 350, "end": 622, "innerStart": 419, "innerEnd": 565, "median": 494, "reported_p90_p10": 273 }, { "label": "France", "country": "FRA", "start": 315, "end": 590, "innerStart": 381, "innerEnd": 533, "median": 461, "reported_p90_p10": 275 }, { "label": "Germany", "country": "DEU", "start": 320, "end": 609, "innerStart": 385, "innerEnd": 546, "median": 466, "reported_p90_p10": 289 }, { "label": "United States", "country": "USA", "start": 332, "end": 644, "innerStart": 404, "innerEnd": 575, "median": 490, "reported_p90_p10": 312 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "quantile-box-plot" }, { "id": "fig-21_pisa-math-distribution", "slug": "pisa-math-distribution", "type": "dot-whisker", "title": "European mathematics outcomes span both North American benchmarks.", "subtitle": "PISA 2025 · country mean mathematics scores", "act": 3, "body": "A country-level distribution gives a more honest European comparison than a fabricated EU score. The pattern also changes when the subject changes from reading to mathematics.", "caveat": "Dots are estimated country means; whiskers are published 95% confidence intervals. They are not individual pupils. Canada and U.S. have sampling cautions; differences need not be statistically significant. Source sampling flags apply to Canada, the United States and the Netherlands. Canada had 77.4% weighted student response against an 80% standard and potential upward student-level bias. The precise US/Netherlands adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted. Unflagged rows are not a comparability certification.", "sources": [ { "label": "OECD PISA 2025 · CMEC official report, tables B.1.2 / B.3.3–5", "url": "https://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/448/PISA_2025_Public_Report_EN.pdf" } ], "unit": "PISA points", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Mean mathematics score · PISA points", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "Estonia", "country": "EST", "value": 508, "se": 2.3, "ci_low": 503, "ci_high": 512 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "value": 485, "se": 1.9, "ci_low": 482, "ci_high": 489, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling caution: 77.4% weighted student response, below the 80% standard; potential upward student-level bias." }, { "label": "Poland", "country": "POL", "value": 484, "se": 2.8, "ci_low": 479, "ci_high": 490 }, { "label": "Netherlands", "country": "NLD", "value": 483, "se": 2.9, "ci_low": 478, "ci_high": 489, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling flag; precise country-specific adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted." }, { "label": "Ireland", "country": "IRL", "value": 480, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 476, "ci_high": 483 }, { "label": "Belgium", "country": "BEL", "value": 480, "se": 2.8, "ci_low": 474, "ci_high": 485 }, { "label": "Austria", "country": "AUT", "value": 477, "se": 2.6, "ci_low": 472, "ci_high": 482 }, { "label": "Czechia", "country": "CZE", "value": 477, "se": 2.6, "ci_low": 472, "ci_high": 482 }, { "label": "Denmark", "country": "DNK", "value": 471, "se": 2.1, "ci_low": 466, "ci_high": 475 }, { "label": "Lithuania", "country": "LTU", "value": 470, "se": 1.9, "ci_low": 467, "ci_high": 474 }, { "label": "Slovak Republic", "country": "SVK", "value": 469, "se": 2.4, "ci_low": 464, "ci_high": 474 }, { "label": "Finland", "country": "FIN", "value": 469, "se": 2.2, "ci_low": 464, "ci_high": 473 }, { "label": "Italy", "country": "ITA", "value": 468, "se": 2.8, "ci_low": 462, "ci_high": 473 }, { "label": "Sweden", "country": "SWE", "value": 464, "se": 2.5, "ci_low": 459, "ci_high": 469 }, { "label": "Germany", "country": "DEU", "value": 464, "se": 3, "ci_low": 458, "ci_high": 470 }, { "label": "United States", "country": "USA", "value": 463, "se": 5.4, "ci_low": 452, "ci_high": 473, "samplingCaution": "Source sampling flag; precise country-specific adjudication wording was not independently re-extracted." }, { "label": "Latvia", "country": "LVA", "value": 460, "se": 1.7, "ci_low": 457, "ci_high": 464 }, { "label": "Portugal", "country": "PRT", "value": 460, "se": 3.5, "ci_low": 453, "ci_high": 467 }, { "label": "Slovenia", "country": "SVN", "value": 460, "se": 1.2, "ci_low": 458, "ci_high": 462 }, { "label": "Hungary", "country": "HUN", "value": 459, "se": 2.5, "ci_low": 455, "ci_high": 464 }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "country": "LUX", "value": 458, "se": 0.9, "ci_low": 456, "ci_high": 460 }, { "label": "France", "country": "FRA", "value": 458, "se": 3, "ci_low": 452, "ci_high": 464 }, { "label": "Spain", "country": "ESP", "value": 457, "se": 1.7, "ci_low": 454, "ci_high": 461 }, { "label": "Croatia", "country": "HRV", "value": 455, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 452, "ci_high": 459 }, { "label": "Malta", "country": "MLT", "value": 439, "se": 1.8, "ci_low": 436, "ci_high": 443 }, { "label": "Greece", "country": "GRC", "value": 424, "se": 2.9, "ci_low": 418, "ci_high": 430 }, { "label": "Romania", "country": "ROU", "value": 419, "se": 4.5, "ci_low": 410, "ci_high": 428 }, { "label": "Cyprus", "country": "CYP", "value": 412, "se": 1.4, "ci_low": 409, "ci_high": 414 }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "country": "BGR", "value": 405, "se": 4, "ci_low": 397, "ci_high": 413 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "dot-and-whisker-plot" }, { "id": "fig-22_higher-education", "slug": "higher-education", "type": "lollipop", "title": "Canada leads on higher-education credentials.", "subtitle": "2024 · tertiary attainment among adults aged 25–34", "act": 3, "body": "Credentials and demonstrated skills answer different questions. Canada has the largest share with tertiary qualifications, including short-cycle degrees. PISA measures a different cohort and a different outcome.", "caveat": "Three official national survey sources with broadly aligned degree boundaries. EU: ISCED5–8/private households; Canada: LFS, excluding territories; U.S.: associate degree or higher/civilian noninstitutionalized. Canada published to whole percentages. Adapted from Statistics Canada. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.", "sources": [ { "label": "Eurostat EDAT_LFSE_03", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/edat_lfse_03?lang=en&geo=EU27_2020&sex=T&age=Y25-34&isced11=ED5-8&unit=PC&time=2024" }, { "label": "Statistics Canada Table37-10-0130-01; Labour Force Survey", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3710013001" }, { "label": "US Census Bureau CPS2024 Table1; calculation from age25–29 and30–34 counts", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/educational-attainment/2024/cps-detailed-tables/attain01_2024_1.xlsx" } ], "unit": "%", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Adults aged 25–34 with tertiary education · %", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "year": 2024, "value": 43.9 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "year": 2024, "value": 69 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "year": 2024, "value": 52.70276292335115 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "lollipop-chart" }, { "id": "fig-23_ageing", "slug": "ageing", "type": "waffle", "title": "Europe is further into population ageing.", "subtitle": "2000 → 2024 · population aged 65 and over", "act": 4, "body": "The 2024 population composition is shown on a common 100-unit field. Colored cells represent the share aged 65 and over; the neutral remainder is under 65. The 2000 share and the change remain visible alongside the composition.", "caveat": "Share of population, not a fiscal dependency ratio. Each cell represents one percentage point, not one observed person. Fractional cells retain the underlying share. Under 65 is calculated as 100 minus the age-65-plus share; no finer age bands are inferred.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS" } ], "unit": "%", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Population aged 65+ · %", "startLabel": "2000", "endLabel": "2024", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU", "start": 15.6863629307884, "end": 22.0124926642937 }, { "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN", "start": 12.5363093892577, "end": 19.7995907648324 }, { "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA", "start": 12.1858169904893, "end": 17.9287302134033 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "percentage-waffle" }, { "id": "fig-24_fertility", "slug": "fertility", "type": "line", "title": "Low fertility is a shared constraint.", "subtitle": "2000–2024 · births per woman", "act": 4, "body": "The demographic challenge crosses the Atlantic. Fertility, migration and longevity jointly determine population change; the chart isolates just one component.", "caveat": "Period total fertility rate. The 2.1 reference is a conventional approximate replacement benchmark, not a universal threshold.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · SP.DYN.TFRT.IN", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN" } ], "unit": "births per woman", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Year", "yLabel": "Births per woman", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [ { "value": 2.1, "label": "Approximate replacement level" } ], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 1.44135977576762, "year": 2000, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 1.42305392851186, "year": 2001, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 1.421192523437, "year": 2002, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 1.43252409175518, "year": 2003, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 1.45605849043865, "year": 2004, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 1.46660715604414, "year": 2005, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 1.49455545268576, "year": 2006, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 1.5151566756709, "year": 2007, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 1.56501549943226, "year": 2008, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 1.55740674486307, "year": 2009, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 1.5634616186116, "year": 2010, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 1.52959407141605, "year": 2011, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 1.53161547008715, "year": 2012, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 1.50825013871459, "year": 2013, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 1.53815734404476, "year": 2014, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 1.54031619030692, "year": 2015, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 1.57060182280831, "year": 2016, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 1.56466473200747, "year": 2017, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 1.54734162624575, "year": 2018, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 1.52767031959044, "year": 2019, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 1.50409489252504, "year": 2020, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 1.5243237978758, "year": 2021, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 1.45486807707711, "year": 2022, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 1.3837480486422, "year": 2023, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 1.34087000671597, "year": 2024, "country": "EUU" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 1.51, "year": 2000, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 1.54, "year": 2001, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 1.52, "year": 2002, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 1.55, "year": 2003, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 1.56, "year": 2004, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 1.58, "year": 2005, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 1.63, "year": 2006, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 1.67, "year": 2007, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 1.7, "year": 2008, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 1.69, "year": 2009, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 1.65, "year": 2010, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 1.63, "year": 2011, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 1.63, "year": 2012, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 1.61, "year": 2013, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 1.61, "year": 2014, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 1.6, "year": 2015, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 1.59, "year": 2016, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 1.55, "year": 2017, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 1.51, "year": 2018, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 1.47, "year": 2019, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 1.41, "year": 2020, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 1.44, "year": 2021, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 1.34, "year": 2022, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 1.27, "year": 2023, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 1.25, "year": 2024, "country": "CAN" } ] }, { "id": "USA", "label": "U.S.", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 2.056, "year": 2000, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 2.0305, "year": 2001, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 2.0205, "year": 2002, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 2.0475, "year": 2003, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 2.0515, "year": 2004, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 2.057, "year": 2005, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 2.108, "year": 2006, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 2.12, "year": 2007, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 2.072, "year": 2008, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 2.002, "year": 2009, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 1.931, "year": 2010, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 1.8945, "year": 2011, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 1.8805, "year": 2012, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 1.8575, "year": 2013, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 1.8625, "year": 2014, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 1.8435, "year": 2015, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 1.8205, "year": 2016, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 1.7655, "year": 2017, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 1.7295, "year": 2018, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 1.706, "year": 2019, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 1.6415, "year": 2020, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 1.664, "year": 2021, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 1.6565, "year": 2022, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 1.6165, "year": 2023, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 1.6265, "year": 2024, "country": "USA" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "line-chart" }, { "id": "fig-25_carbon-footprints", "slug": "carbon-footprints", "type": "line", "title": "Territorial carbon footprints remain far apart.", "subtitle": "2000–2024 · CO₂ emissions per person, excluding land-use change", "act": 4, "body": "The EU emits substantially less CO₂ per person than either North American economy. Energy mix, industrial structure, transport, climate and consumption patterns all matter.", "caveat": "Territorial CO₂; excludes land-use change and does not reassign emissions embedded in imports. This is not a consumption footprint.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5" } ], "unit": "tonnes per person", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Year", "yLabel": "Territorial CO₂ · tonnes per person", "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 8.29081461709286, "year": 2000, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 8.40120844371485, "year": 2001, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 8.35754022508724, "year": 2002, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 8.55607280870197, "year": 2003, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 8.53969129432432, "year": 2004, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 8.45772065007797, "year": 2005, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 8.46638087717496, "year": 2006, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 8.35184886586125, "year": 2007, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 8.12232302916334, "year": 2008, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 7.47936172783522, "year": 2009, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 7.7121715794747, "year": 2010, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 7.50585258859823, "year": 2011, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 7.34621232551448, "year": 2012, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 7.14912584618353, "year": 2013, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 6.82268606570061, "year": 2014, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 6.94479495177865, "year": 2015, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 6.9487174244534, "year": 2016, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 6.99426005138854, "year": 2017, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 6.83457757497087, "year": 2018, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 6.50775335523423, "year": 2019, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 5.90418586587991, "year": 2020, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 6.31584352673514, "year": 2021, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 6.14633675709531, "year": 2022, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 5.59079756161286, "year": 2023, "country": "EUU" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 5.46920331874023, "year": 2024, "country": "EUU" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 17.6990281801997, "year": 2000, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 17.2263337035681, "year": 2001, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 17.6683722055528, "year": 2002, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 18.1301542885681, "year": 2003, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 17.5256514747091, "year": 2004, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 18.0601166179094, "year": 2005, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 17.6443460330114, "year": 2006, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 18.0804998989628, "year": 2007, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 17.3072079421311, "year": 2008, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 16.140062037934, "year": 2009, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 16.5297747432196, "year": 2010, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 16.7674945217889, "year": 2011, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 16.3390529794046, "year": 2012, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 16.396768369606, "year": 2013, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 16.3774543965685, "year": 2014, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 16.0870291468599, "year": 2015, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 15.8982424179268, "year": 2016, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 16.196245321702, "year": 2017, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 16.5238820455635, "year": 2018, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 16.190860373335, "year": 2019, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 14.4219048812634, "year": 2020, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 14.6897593568847, "year": 2021, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 14.7839088196158, "year": 2022, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 14.1600452924171, "year": 2023, "country": "CAN" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 14.0072704088031, "year": 2024, "country": "CAN" } ] }, { "id": "USA", "label": "U.S.", "points": [ { "x": 2000, "y": 21.0118753202743, "year": 2000, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2001, "y": 20.6255077855762, "year": 2001, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2002, "y": 19.9103793387111, "year": 2002, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2003, "y": 19.9681657791826, "year": 2003, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2004, "y": 20.0815597947275, "year": 2004, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2005, "y": 19.9249914215479, "year": 2005, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2006, "y": 19.4048177077015, "year": 2006, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2007, "y": 19.4956606869752, "year": 2007, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2008, "y": 18.7089026291301, "year": 2008, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2009, "y": 17.1890632001903, "year": 2009, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2010, "y": 17.847084306938, "year": 2010, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2011, "y": 17.0203888981196, "year": 2011, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2012, "y": 16.1854221004814, "year": 2012, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2013, "y": 16.495975221911, "year": 2013, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2014, "y": 16.4248953102317, "year": 2014, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2015, "y": 15.9501022949136, "year": 2015, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2016, "y": 15.5045482189269, "year": 2016, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2017, "y": 15.1847127213968, "year": 2017, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2018, "y": 15.5796456645972, "year": 2018, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2019, "y": 15.0439662080505, "year": 2019, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2020, "y": 13.4715665664099, "year": 2020, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2021, "y": 14.3160979329351, "year": 2021, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2022, "y": 14.4186221294233, "year": 2022, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2023, "y": 13.7140258849034, "year": 2023, "country": "USA" }, { "x": 2024, "y": 13.6238622652793, "year": 2024, "country": "USA" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "line-chart" }, { "id": "fig-26_growth-and-carbon", "slug": "growth-and-carbon", "type": "connected-scatter", "title": "Output can rise while domestic emissions fall.", "subtitle": "2000 → 2010 → 2019 → 2024 · output per person and territorial CO₂ per person", "act": 4, "body": "Moving right and down means greater real output per resident alongside a smaller territorial carbon footprint. It is evidence of this particular decoupling measure, not proof that all environmental pressures have fallen.", "caveat": "Real GDP in constant 2021 international dollars; territorial CO₂ excludes emissions embodied in imports.", "sources": [ { "label": "World Bank WDI · NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD" }, { "label": "World Bank WDI · EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5" } ], "unit": "tonnes per person", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Real GDP/person · constant 2021 international $", "yLabel": "Territorial CO₂/person · tonnes", "zeroBaseline": false, "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "points": [ { "x": 40161.0962541705, "y": 8.29081461709286, "year": 2000, "country": "EUU", "label": "2000" }, { "x": 45251.0407991375, "y": 7.7121715794747, "year": 2010, "country": "EUU", "label": "2010" }, { "x": 51662.076917369, "y": 6.50775335523423, "year": 2019, "country": "EUU", "label": "2019" }, { "x": 54341.6257163912, "y": 5.46920331874023, "year": 2024, "country": "EUU", "label": "2024" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "points": [ { "x": 48399.2864445547, "y": 17.6990281801997, "year": 2000, "country": "CAN", "label": "2000" }, { "x": 52558.4200617806, "y": 16.5297747432196, "year": 2010, "country": "CAN", "label": "2010" }, { "x": 57583.8230739204, "y": 16.190860373335, "year": 2019, "country": "CAN", "label": "2019" }, { "x": 57534.0915185335, "y": 14.0072704088031, "year": 2024, "country": "CAN", "label": "2024" } ] }, { "id": "USA", "label": "U.S.", "points": [ { "x": 55045.6745311559, "y": 21.0118753202743, "year": 2000, "country": "USA", "label": "2000" }, { "x": 59797.0736545937, "y": 17.847084306938, "year": 2010, "country": "USA", "label": "2010" }, { "x": 69121.4580016741, "y": 15.0439662080505, "year": 2019, "country": "USA", "label": "2019" }, { "x": 75698.1773354629, "y": 13.6238622652793, "year": 2024, "country": "USA", "label": "2024" } ] } ], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "connected-scatterplot" }, { "id": "fig-27_atlantic-chord", "slug": "atlantic-chord", "type": "chord", "title": "The Atlantic is an economic relationship, not just a comparison.", "subtitle": "2025 · exporter-reported bilateral goods exports, € billions", "act": 5, "body": "Follow exporter-colored ribbons toward their arrowheads. The six widths represent directional goods exports within the Atlantic triangle, not bilateral balances or total world exports.", "caveat": "DG Trade factsheets combine Eurostat EU reporting and IMF partner reporting in a common currency. Reporter differences are material; the audit chart below makes them visible. Region arcs combine the incoming and outgoing links displayed here. They are not market shares. Services, investment and domestic trade are outside the diagram.", "sources": [ { "label": "European Commission DG Trade · 2025 goods flows", "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_canada_en.pdf" }, { "label": "European Commission DG Trade · 2025 goods flows", "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_usa_en.pdf" } ], "unit": "€ bn", "decimals": 1, "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [], "nodes": [ { "id": "EUU", "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU" }, { "id": "CAN", "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN" }, { "id": "USA", "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA" } ], "links": [ { "source": "EUU", "target": "USA", "value": 554.612 }, { "source": "EUU", "target": "CAN", "value": 48.738 }, { "source": "USA", "target": "EUU", "value": 367.414 }, { "source": "USA", "target": "CAN", "value": 297.804 }, { "source": "CAN", "target": "USA", "value": 357.408 }, { "source": "CAN", "target": "EUU", "value": 27.228 } ], "chartId": "directional-chord-diagram" }, { "id": "fig-28_export-dependence", "slug": "export-dependence", "type": "sankey", "title": "Canada’s dependence on the U.S. is in a different league.", "subtitle": "2025 · goods exports, € billions; shares available on inspection", "act": 5, "body": "Canada sends roughly 72% of its goods exports to the United States. For the EU and the U.S., the corresponding bilateral shares are far smaller. A trading relationship can be large in absolute terms and asymmetric in dependence.", "caveat": "Widths represent money, not shares. EU excludes intra-EU trade. Rest of world is the observed residual from exporter totals.", "sources": [ { "label": "European Commission DG Trade · 2025 goods flows", "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_canada_en.pdf" }, { "label": "European Commission DG Trade · 2025 goods flows", "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_usa_en.pdf" } ], "unit": "€ bn", "decimals": 1, "references": [], "rows": [], "series": [], "nodes": [ { "id": "EUU_source", "label": "EU-27 exports", "country": "EUU" }, { "id": "CAN_source", "label": "Canada exports", "country": "CAN" }, { "id": "USA_source", "label": "U.S. exports", "country": "USA" }, { "id": "EUU_target", "label": "EU-27", "country": "EUU" }, { "id": "CAN_target", "label": "Canada", "country": "CAN" }, { "id": "USA_target", "label": "U.S.", "country": "USA" }, { "id": "ROW_target", "label": "Rest of world", "country": "ROW" } ], "links": [ { "source": "EUU_source", "target": "USA_target", "value": 554.612, "originShare": 20.982851 }, { "source": "EUU_source", "target": "CAN_target", "value": 48.738, "originShare": 1.843924 }, { "source": "EUU_source", "target": "ROW_target", "value": 2039.818, "originShare": 77.173225 }, { "source": "USA_source", "target": "EUU_target", "value": 367.414, "originShare": 18.999488 }, { "source": "USA_source", "target": "CAN_target", "value": 297.804, "originShare": 15.399858 }, { "source": "USA_source", "target": "ROW_target", "value": 1268.592, "originShare": 65.600654 }, { "source": "CAN_source", "target": "USA_target", "value": 357.408, "originShare": 72.490523 }, { "source": "CAN_source", "target": "EUU_target", "value": 27.228, "originShare": 5.522462 }, { "source": "CAN_source", "target": "ROW_target", "value": 108.405, "originShare": 21.987015 } ], "chartId": "sankey-diagram" }, { "id": "fig-29_mirror-gap", "slug": "mirror-gap", "type": "dumbbell", "title": "A shipment can have two official statistical values.", "subtitle": "2025 · exporter records and the partner’s import records, € billions", "act": 5, "body": "Trade records differ because of valuation, timing, origin rules, re-exports and statistical systems. The disagreement is a feature of the evidence that deserves to be seen, especially when it is large.", "caveat": "These are mirror comparisons, not trade balances or error bars. A discrepancy does not establish misconduct.", "sources": [ { "label": "European Commission DG Trade · 2025 goods flows", "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_canada_en.pdf" }, { "label": "European Commission DG Trade · 2025 goods flows", "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_usa_en.pdf" } ], "unit": "€ bn", "decimals": 1, "xLabel": "Bilateral goods value · € bn", "startLabel": "Exporter", "endLabel": "Importer", "references": [], "rows": [ { "label": "EU-27 → U.S.", "country": "EUU", "start": 554.612, "end": 560.413 }, { "label": "EU-27 → Canada", "country": "EUU", "start": 48.738, "end": 61.382 }, { "label": "U.S. → EU-27", "country": "USA", "start": 367.414, "end": 356.231 }, { "label": "U.S. → Canada", "country": "USA", "start": 297.804, "end": 241.941 }, { "label": "Canada → U.S.", "country": "CAN", "start": 357.408, "end": 338.903 }, { "label": "Canada → EU-27", "country": "CAN", "start": 27.228, "end": 32.814 } ], "series": [], "nodes": [], "links": [], "chartId": "dumbbell-chart" } ]