{ "schema": "three-versions-proximity/v1", "revision": "proximity-r1", "frozenAt": "2026-09-17", "summary": { "score": 51.20469541319768, "usDistance": 0.22326312728046727, "euDistance": 0.21275768190283006, "closerTo": "EU member-median profile", "indicators": 29, "domains": 8, "countries": 29, "years": [ 2021, 2023, 2024, 2025 ], "euMembersCloserThanUs": 4, "nearestCountries": [ { "country": "AUT", "name": "Austria", "distance": 0.1846019727209235 }, { "country": "BEL", "name": "Belgium", "distance": 0.19369147764444178 }, { "country": "NLD", "name": "Netherlands", "distance": 0.20906209256072592 }, { "country": "DEU", "name": "Germany", "distance": 0.2132089641450059 }, { "country": "USA", "name": "United States", "distance": 0.22326312728046727 } ], "methodEnvelope": { "minimum": 48.885887913571906, "maximum": 54.89191544507688, "count": 24 }, "weightEnvelope": { "minimum": 44.8966641414683, "maximum": 56.57838031771397, "count": 512 }, "domainOmissionEnvelope": { "minimum": 48.69336544369662, "maximum": 56.40098135775131, "count": 8 }, "indicatorOmissionEnvelope": { "minimum": 44.70496608445782, "maximum": 58.72577297149901, "count": 29 } }, "data": { "revision": "proximity-r1", "countries": [ { "code": "CAN", "name": "Canada", "population": 41262329 }, { "code": "USA", "name": "United States", "population": 340003797 }, { "code": "AUT", "name": "Austria", "population": 9177982 }, { "code": "BEL", "name": "Belgium", "population": 11858610 }, { "code": "BGR", "name": "Bulgaria", "population": 6441421 }, { "code": "HRV", "name": "Croatia", "population": 3866200 }, { "code": "CYP", "name": "Cyprus", "population": 1358282 }, { "code": "CZE", "name": "Czechia", "population": 10905028 }, { "code": "DNK", "name": "Denmark", "population": 5976992 }, { "code": "EST", "name": "Estonia", "population": 1372341 }, { "code": "FIN", "name": "Finland", "population": 5619911 }, { "code": "FRA", "name": "France", "population": 68551653 }, { "code": "DEU", "name": "Germany", "population": 83516593 }, { "code": "GRC", "name": "Greece", "population": 10405134 }, { "code": "HUN", "name": "Hungary", "population": 9562065 }, { "code": "IRL", "name": "Ireland", "population": 5395790 }, { "code": "ITA", "name": "Italy", "population": 58952704 }, { "code": "LVA", "name": "Latvia", "population": 1866124 }, { "code": "LTU", "name": "Lithuania", "population": 2888278 }, { "code": "LUX", "name": "Luxembourg", "population": 677012 }, { "code": "MLT", "name": "Malta", "population": 568847 }, { "code": "NLD", "name": "Netherlands", "population": 17993485 }, { "code": "POL", "name": "Poland", "population": 36559233 }, { "code": "PRT", "name": "Portugal", "population": 10694681 }, { "code": "ROU", "name": "Romania", "population": 19051804 }, { "code": "SVK", "name": "Slovak Republic", "population": 5422069 }, { "code": "SVN", "name": "Slovenia", "population": 2127400 }, { "code": "ESP", "name": "Spain", "population": 48848840 }, { "code": "SWE", "name": "Sweden", "population": 10569709 } ], "indicators": [ { "id": "output", "label": "Output per person", "domain": "capacity", "year": 2024, "unit": "constant 2021 international dollars", "values": { "CAN": 57534.0915185335, "USA": 75698.1773354629, "AUT": 63787.9891749462, "BEL": 63311.2766917178, "BGR": 34221.3866940362, "HRV": 42828.7997273569, "CYP": 52861.8359375, "CZE": 47972.53171792, "DNK": 71034.5789667138, "EST": 41185.8348356109, "FIN": 55901.3202296588, "FRA": 54799.3482689389, "DEU": 62654.602264023, "GRC": 37474.2798239947, "HUN": 40747.1986679668, "IRL": 118833.312071751, "ITA": 53284.8745049149, "LVA": 37615.0762450744, "LTU": 47462.0039386975, "LUX": 128475.283540415, "MLT": 62398.4892388947, "NLD": 70493.9051219267, "POL": 45153.0439773281, "PRT": 42228.1580446502, "ROU": 40503.8323253789, "SVK": 40302.4514288424, "SVN": 48658.0265180267, "ESP": 48460.2914069661, "SWE": 62558.4065876041 }, "sourceId": "macro-gdp_pc_ppp", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD", "note": "Average production, not median disposable income; extreme multinational-economy values affect range normalization." }, { "id": "investment", "label": "Fixed investment", "domain": "capacity", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of GDP", "values": { "CAN": 22.9101597496711, "USA": 21.3498335194267, "AUT": 23.5479112127244, "BEL": 24.2779848762966, "BGR": 18.3125443566691, "HRV": 25.1906175426343, "CYP": 20.5485340033866, "CZE": 26.5024711602825, "DNK": 23.3320384051141, "EST": 23.8965498272625, "FIN": 22.0530955495248, "FRA": 22.096846539157, "DEU": 20.4603173503166, "GRC": 16.0395231559948, "HUN": 23.2061119734289, "IRL": 17.3480143254281, "ITA": 21.5129467738695, "LVA": 22.2448373054644, "LTU": 22.4117705922418, "LUX": 15.375144986765, "MLT": 18.5108507263352, "NLD": 19.8576425513779, "POL": 17.0407167835613, "PRT": 20.4281161978824, "ROU": 25.2916623299005, "SVK": 20.4183967254733, "SVN": 20.9214124483696, "ESP": 20.2878325064447, "SWE": 25.1020245960477 }, "sourceId": "macro-investment", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS", "note": "Resources committed to fixed assets, not their returns." }, { "id": "research", "label": "Research and development", "domain": "capacity", "year": 2023, "unit": "% of GDP", "values": { "CAN": 1.81048, "USA": 3.44716, "AUT": 3.25517, "BEL": 3.27235, "BGR": 0.79224, "HRV": 1.38621, "CYP": 0.68145, "CZE": 1.83369, "DNK": 3.04841, "EST": 1.83878, "FIN": 3.0938, "FRA": 2.17832, "DEU": 3.1539, "GRC": 1.4943, "HUN": 1.37748, "IRL": 1.58829, "ITA": 1.37935, "LVA": 0.8236, "LTU": 1.04977, "LUX": 1.07045, "MLT": 0.64792, "NLD": 2.26719, "POL": 1.55525, "PRT": 1.69491, "ROU": 0.51656, "SVK": 1.03359, "SVN": 2.13385, "ESP": 1.49362, "SWE": 3.59978 }, "sourceId": "macro-rd", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS", "note": "Expenditure input, not innovation output." }, { "id": "internet", "label": "Internet use", "domain": "capacity", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of population", "values": { "CAN": 94.353302, "USA": 94.69380188, "AUT": 94.91974877, "BEL": 95.77579144, "BGR": 82.438955, "HRV": 83.63240029, "CYP": 89.60099246, "CZE": 87.68776014, "DNK": 99.76915157, "EST": 92.23796204, "FIN": 93.72405196, "FRA": 88.65381638, "DEU": 93.49999579, "GRC": 86.26968886, "HUN": 93.77898628, "IRL": 97.18769836, "ITA": 89.2207202, "LVA": 92.70757011, "LTU": 89.16116293, "LUX": 98.7606147, "MLT": 93.86029816, "NLD": 97.00679779, "POL": 88.58496367, "PRT": 88.48704454, "ROU": 91.29048551, "SVK": 89.82507032, "SVN": 90.76355487, "ESP": 95.7574516, "SWE": 95.52930428 }, "sourceId": "wdi-extension-internet", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS", "note": "ITU/WDI digital access/use, not enterprise AI adoption or digital skill." }, { "id": "industry-jobs", "label": "Industry employment", "domain": "structure", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of total employment", "values": { "CAN": 18.9328243442541, "USA": 19.0437070998445, "AUT": 24.831244563959, "BEL": 19.5233677385897, "BGR": 28.1305382372254, "HRV": 26.6614632147087, "CYP": 16.3449380773714, "CZE": 35.3325197665952, "DNK": 19.0027329538531, "EST": 26.4526520362988, "FIN": 20.972961500396, "FRA": 19.5436001329131, "DEU": 26.2904809714931, "GRC": 16.3549607119224, "HUN": 30.8115080349249, "IRL": 18.4511743291667, "ITA": 26.6836054797934, "LVA": 21.9775673798169, "LTU": 25.9892259481361, "LUX": 7.82174048373217, "MLT": 17.9342182375258, "NLD": 14.0210093089947, "POL": 30.1998893468924, "PRT": 24.7631634041662, "ROU": 32.653380600289, "SVK": 34.9500644366084, "SVN": 32.055500354017, "ESP": 20.0916194737731, "SWE": 17.0202664217234 }, "sourceId": "wdi-extension-industry_employment", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.IND.EMPL.ZS", "note": "ILO modeled estimate. Industry includes more than manufacturing; it is not the GDP production share." }, { "id": "services-output", "label": "Services value added", "domain": "structure", "year": 2021, "unit": "% of GDP", "values": { "CAN": 66.1138262166808, "USA": 76.2563816410471, "AUT": 62.30330605534, "BEL": 70.7487167204956, "BGR": 62.428388629992, "HRV": 59.0490718680904, "CYP": 75.7895819401386, "CZE": 60.8665523629247, "DNK": 66.6398766336931, "EST": 62.7166747108643, "FIN": 60.1590262256597, "FRA": 70.6735726050728, "DEU": 63.5453543127468, "GRC": 68.9330353905441, "HUN": 57.3674994014629, "IRL": 55.1666541370771, "ITA": 64.8364560164046, "LVA": 61.6249417393174, "LTU": 60.8408068662956, "LUX": 79.9504402405608, "MLT": 79.6729350126186, "NLD": 69.4429925410801, "POL": 56.4521825514612, "PRT": 65.0687062575411, "ROU": 59.5240162986079, "SVK": 60.1256272734401, "SVN": 57.8590988226047, "ESP": 67.4549201359154, "SWE": 64.8989803904197 }, "sourceId": "wdi-extension-services_value_added", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS", "note": "Use the latest year shared by all 29 countries. Do not replace missing current North American data with a different year." }, { "id": "openness", "label": "Trade openness", "domain": "structure", "year": 2024, "unit": "exports plus imports / % of GDP", "values": { "CAN": 65.1214987304374, "USA": 25.0160172978284, "AUT": 108.825777834405, "BEL": 159.023481148927, "BGR": 110.226317731322, "HRV": 104.912403236133, "CYP": 190.40287092076, "CZE": 131.466608125579, "DNK": 131.765030975207, "EST": 151.037702410455, "FIN": 83.4510295550974, "FRA": 68.1081875443744, "DEU": 79.0907305894936, "GRC": 89.7765279446168, "HUN": 147.926666538068, "IRL": 246.169874857401, "ITA": 62.5926144915658, "LVA": 131.309582395769, "LTU": 142.41991022479, "LUX": 351.267921153192, "MLT": 217.730272683658, "NLD": 153.956290574682, "POL": 100.359442847164, "PRT": 89.6615637070518, "ROU": 77.2149837939003, "SVK": 171.212800151635, "SVN": 155.657928684474, "ESP": 69.9502612382631, "SWE": 105.967492313344 }, "sourceId": "macro-trade_gdp", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS", "note": "Country-level goods and services, including EU members trading with each other. Not the extra-EU export denominator in the chord; can exceed 100%." }, { "id": "public-spending", "label": "General-government expenditure", "domain": "state", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of GDP", "values": { "CAN": 44.3422353373, "USA": 37.737588113875, "AUT": 55.186176537557, "BEL": 54.0549952279, "BGR": 36.284648676711, "HRV": 48.003071047968, "CYP": 38.28289248521, "CZE": 42.858156913776, "DNK": 47.329441131472, "EST": 43.616013451199, "FIN": 57.756174975452, "FRA": 57.258107856927, "DEU": 49.427854662887, "GRC": 48.248682076237, "HUN": 46.90836325979, "IRL": 22.387978549878, "ITA": 50.399108822719, "LVA": 43.961598277669, "LTU": 39.413820558812, "LUX": 46.841911666587, "MLT": 37.367040243423, "NLD": 44.412847150764, "POL": 49.441734465708, "PRT": 42.505525661673, "ROU": 39.951273299206, "SVK": 47.467618992762, "SVN": 46.477053605862, "ESP": 45.473709959669, "SWE": 49.302554027505 }, "sourceId": "macro-government_expenditure", "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_X_G01_GDP_PT@FM/CAN/USA", "note": "IMF national-government expenditure, including transfers. Historical data may include staff estimates; this is not the EU institutions budget." }, { "id": "public-debt", "label": "General-government gross debt", "domain": "state", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of GDP", "values": { "CAN": 110.01865499392, "USA": 122.26966571779, "AUT": 79.176259265818, "BEL": 103.88958392447, "BGR": 23.840049197112, "HRV": 57.369430242911, "CYP": 62.835884855091, "CZE": 43.291171505945, "DNK": 30.543705613968, "EST": 23.472090645018, "FIN": 82.446579079904, "FRA": 113.17093943073, "DEU": 62.226811458615, "GRC": 155.37322321183, "HUN": 73.513465039341, "IRL": 38.269775441814, "ITA": 134.7353874673, "LVA": 46.249515302974, "LTU": 37.965004930398, "LUX": 26.280832162339, "MLT": 46.042434746528, "NLD": 43.748145812007, "POL": 55.089027666782, "PRT": 93.47663072154, "ROU": 57.467655470871, "SVK": 59.700554883551, "SVN": 66.606395918004, "ESP": 101.64781312526, "SWE": 33.919540596746 }, "sourceId": "macro-public_debt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/CAN/USA", "note": "Gross debt, not net worth or fiscal sustainability. Country accounting coverage can differ." }, { "id": "defence", "label": "Military expenditure", "domain": "state", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of GDP", "values": { "CAN": 1.31303419578919, "USA": 3.41921653228044, "AUT": 0.999843177036641, "BEL": 1.2770531266155, "BGR": 2.14947328244853, "HRV": 1.79323424509814, "CYP": 1.64735214954921, "CZE": 1.91680849222604, "DNK": 2.41617454160591, "EST": 3.37400221824601, "FIN": 2.29979173712597, "FRA": 2.05257687860637, "DEU": 1.89190377205494, "GRC": 3.12797536550149, "HUN": 2.15630980446665, "IRL": 0.239096332495524, "ITA": 1.60924561245844, "LVA": 3.25799154535171, "LTU": 3.11817486440289, "LUX": 0.962679157025622, "MLT": 0.451123319487248, "NLD": 1.91642541759119, "POL": 4.15439387975356, "PRT": 1.53226822745255, "ROU": 2.29815245791591, "SVK": 2.01078152849676, "SVN": 1.31001116486788, "ESP": 1.43210737406914, "SWE": 1.99771738810168 }, "sourceId": "macro-military", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS", "note": "Frozen WDI/SIPRI source series. The separately displayed SIPRI 2025 vintage does not silently overwrite this baseline. Expenditure is not capability." }, { "id": "longevity", "label": "Life expectancy", "domain": "health", "year": 2024, "unit": "years at birth", "values": { "CAN": 82.1080487804878, "USA": 78.890243902439, "AUT": 81.9951219512195, "BEL": 82.3, "BGR": 75.7609756097561, "HRV": 78.9292682926829, "CYP": 81.821, "CZE": 79.9780487804878, "DNK": 82.2536585365854, "EST": 79.2951219512195, "FIN": 82.3365853658537, "FRA": 82.9804878048781, "DEU": 80.7926829268293, "GRC": 81.8390243902439, "HUN": 76.7243902439025, "IRL": 83.009756097561, "ITA": 83.9512195121951, "LVA": 76.4292682926829, "LTU": 77.1951219512195, "LUX": 83.1951219512195, "MLT": 82.9560975609756, "NLD": 81.9658536585366, "POL": 78.409756097561, "PRT": 82.3829268292683, "ROU": 76.4585365853659, "SVK": 78.3707317073171, "SVN": 82.2853658536585, "ESP": 83.8878048780488, "SWE": 84.0634146341463 }, "sourceId": "health-life_expectancy", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN", "note": "Period life expectancy; not the realized lifespan of a newborn or a causal health-system efficiency measure." }, { "id": "child-mortality", "label": "Under-five mortality", "domain": "health", "year": 2024, "unit": "per 1,000 live births", "values": { "CAN": 5.4, "USA": 6.5, "AUT": 3.3, "BEL": 3.7, "BGR": 5.7, "HRV": 5.6, "CYP": 5, "CZE": 2.6, "DNK": 4, "EST": 2, "FIN": 2.4, "FRA": 4.3, "DEU": 3.7, "GRC": 3.8, "HUN": 3.7, "IRL": 3.9, "ITA": 2.7, "LVA": 2.5, "LTU": 3.4, "LUX": 2.2, "MLT": 5.3, "NLD": 3.9, "POL": 4.2, "PRT": 3.2, "ROU": 7.3, "SVK": 6.3, "SVN": 2.3, "ESP": 3.2, "SWE": 2.4 }, "sourceId": "health-under5_mortality", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT", "note": "Official model-based mortality probability; not a cohort death count. Infant mortality is excluded to reduce duplication." }, { "id": "health-spending", "label": "Health expenditure per person", "domain": "health", "year": 2023, "unit": "current international dollars", "values": { "CAN": 7355.35531519482, "USA": 13473.1932166645, "AUT": 7883.78122774931, "BEL": 7489.31179853622, "BGR": 2969.55151843467, "HRV": 3229.33564953197, "CYP": 4537.67999225208, "CZE": 4499.617488482, "DNK": 7097.511126735, "EST": 3506.88332669565, "FIN": 6433.37242991069, "FRA": 6719.07670921652, "DEU": 8306.1829027705, "GRC": 3453.89441532691, "HUN": 2875.2067856772, "IRL": 8269.12496451516, "ITA": 4865.97795528379, "LVA": 3033.87411302447, "LTU": 3818.700368081, "LUX": 8329.0974382745, "MLT": 5706.08612341606, "NLD": 7727.03679910335, "POL": 3331.75281821589, "PRT": 4678.84807603454, "ROU": 2614.09426055762, "SVK": 3230.2453507094, "SVN": 4948.56888946586, "ESP": 4934.94772587453, "SWE": 7512.07018462638 }, "sourceId": "health-health_spend_pc_ppp", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.PP.CD", "note": "PPP-adjusted current expenditure, not inflation-adjusted spending growth. Distinct from constant-price GDP per person." }, { "id": "out-of-pocket", "label": "Out-of-pocket financing", "domain": "health", "year": 2023, "unit": "% of current health expenditure", "values": { "CAN": 15.20306873, "USA": 10.92723846, "AUT": 16.47774124, "BEL": 21.50983047, "BGR": 35.50430679, "HRV": 9.37740326, "CYP": 17.9429245, "CZE": 14.59681702, "DNK": 13.97692299, "EST": 22.09991646, "FIN": 14.09493542, "FRA": 9.26032639, "DEU": 11.05290699, "GRC": 34.30307007, "HUN": 23.05996895, "IRL": 11.29947281, "ITA": 23.64643097, "LVA": 35.05759811, "LTU": 31.02016449, "LUX": 8.77390862, "MLT": 30.92565918, "NLD": 12.03399372, "POL": 15.84634209, "PRT": 29.30668449, "ROU": 22.96146011, "SVK": 20.15309143, "SVN": 12.39192963, "ESP": 20.85539818, "SWE": 12.95748615 }, "sourceId": "health-out_of_pocket_health", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS", "note": "Financing mix, not the share of household income paid for care or a measure of unmet need." }, { "id": "ageing", "label": "Population aged 65+", "domain": "demography", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of population", "values": { "CAN": 19.7995907648324, "USA": 17.9287302134033, "AUT": 20.6064031791903, "BEL": 20.5580809256443, "BGR": 22.0303362606903, "HRV": 23.1877713482095, "CYP": 14.616184268068, "CZE": 20.8453836809891, "DNK": 20.8660704666167, "EST": 21.2973321004949, "FIN": 23.8972369428395, "FRA": 22.1465618989138, "DEU": 23.1955871731941, "GRC": 23.939763430194, "HUN": 20.9931972318078, "IRL": 15.8920783803289, "ITA": 24.624776723376, "LVA": 21.7358403074143, "LTU": 20.1664889015269, "LUX": 15.4763638200631, "MLT": 20.2123026573043, "NLD": 20.4960775816586, "POL": 20.1434028173028, "PRT": 24.5306498594644, "ROU": 19.9809987731847, "SVK": 18.5373993543753, "SVN": 21.7723491779025, "ESP": 21.1454438932121, "SWE": 20.7467682423653 }, "sourceId": "macro-age65", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS", "note": "Age composition, not a dependency forecast." }, { "id": "fertility", "label": "Total fertility rate", "domain": "demography", "year": 2024, "unit": "births per woman", "values": { "CAN": 1.25, "USA": 1.6265, "AUT": 1.31, "BEL": 1.44, "BGR": 1.72, "HRV": 1.46, "CYP": 1.38, "CZE": 1.36, "DNK": 1.47, "EST": 1.18, "FIN": 1.25, "FRA": 1.61, "DEU": 1.36, "GRC": 1.24, "HUN": 1.41, "IRL": 1.47, "ITA": 1.18, "LVA": 1.24, "LTU": 1.11, "LUX": 1.25, "MLT": 1.01, "NLD": 1.43, "POL": 1.14, "PRT": 1.41, "ROU": 1.39, "SVK": 1.46, "SVN": 1.52, "ESP": 1.1, "SWE": 1.43 }, "sourceId": "macro-fertility", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN", "note": "Period fertility rate, not completed cohort fertility." }, { "id": "female-participation", "label": "Female labour participation", "domain": "demography", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of female population aged 15+", "values": { "CAN": 60.415, "USA": 56.561, "AUT": 55.408, "BEL": 49.97, "BGR": 50.487, "HRV": 47.541, "CYP": 61.408, "CZE": 53.656, "DNK": 60.902, "EST": 61.258, "FIN": 56.668, "FRA": 51.773, "DEU": 55.622, "GRC": 45.027, "HUN": 54.398, "IRL": 59.838, "ITA": 41.03, "LVA": 55.516, "LTU": 57.86, "LUX": 57.645, "MLT": 55.894, "NLD": 62.882, "POL": 51.913, "PRT": 54.888, "ROU": 41.904, "SVK": 55.464, "SVN": 52.644, "ESP": 53.195, "SWE": 61.68 }, "sourceId": "macro-female_participation", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS", "note": "ILO modeled estimate, sensitive to population age composition; not a prime-age participation rate." }, { "id": "unemployment", "label": "Unemployment rate", "domain": "demography", "year": 2024, "unit": "% of labour force", "values": { "CAN": 6.351, "USA": 4.022, "AUT": 5.2, "BEL": 5.7, "BGR": 4.2, "HRV": 5, "CYP": 4.9, "CZE": 2.6, "DNK": 5.358, "EST": 7.6, "FIN": 8.4, "FRA": 7.4, "DEU": 3.4, "GRC": 10.02, "HUN": 4.5, "IRL": 4.3, "ITA": 6.5, "LVA": 6.9, "LTU": 6.851, "LUX": 6.4, "MLT": 3.1, "NLD": 3.7, "POL": 2.807, "PRT": 6.5, "ROU": 5.4, "SVK": 5.3, "SVN": 3.7, "ESP": 11.4, "SWE": 8.4 }, "sourceId": "macro-unemployment", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS", "note": "ILO modeled estimate; differs from the employment-to-population ratio." }, { "id": "carbon", "label": "Territorial CO₂ per person", "domain": "climate", "year": 2024, "unit": "tonnes CO₂e per person", "values": { "CAN": 14.0072704088031, "USA": 13.6238622652793, "AUT": 6.32278424603578, "BEL": 7.30661519351762, "BGR": 5.30760215797104, "HRV": 4.83151414825927, "CYP": 5.40469504859816, "CZE": 7.12966532502255, "DNK": 4.2782054919933, "EST": 7.75936884491537, "FIN": 5.53521221243539, "FRA": 4.00355772602595, "DEU": 6.94395663386317, "GRC": 5.04642227577271, "HUN": 4.45791782423566, "IRL": 6.03605774131313, "ITA": 5.07573834102673, "LVA": 3.647774745944, "LTU": 4.49056496639174, "LUX": 10.5572722492364, "MLT": 3.17888641409729, "NLD": 6.60188395966651, "POL": 7.55108565871718, "PRT": 3.32476489948602, "ROU": 3.72055055783694, "SVK": 5.51311685631444, "SVN": 6.26652251574692, "ESP": 4.50540688376633, "SWE": 3.57381645984766 }, "sourceId": "macro-co2_pc", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5", "note": "Carbon dioxide only, excluding land-use change; not all greenhouse gases or a consumption footprint." }, { "id": "renewables", "label": "Renewable final energy", "domain": "climate", "year": 2021, "unit": "% of total final energy consumption", "values": { "CAN": 23.8, "USA": 10.9, "AUT": 36, "BEL": 11.7, "BGR": 20.4, "HRV": 34.1, "CYP": 15.6, "CZE": 17.2, "DNK": 39.5, "EST": 38, "FIN": 50.2, "FRA": 16.2, "DEU": 17.6, "GRC": 21.5, "HUN": 15.3, "IRL": 12.7, "ITA": 17.5, "LVA": 44, "LTU": 33.2, "LUX": 20.5, "MLT": 8.6, "NLD": 12.2, "POL": 15.2, "PRT": 32.3, "ROU": 23.6, "SVK": 17.9, "SVN": 23.4, "ESP": 19, "SWE": 57.9 }, "sourceId": "macro-renewable_energy", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS", "note": "Final energy, not electricity alone. Historical common-year evidence does not describe current installed capacity." }, { "id": "pisa-science", "label": "PISA science", "domain": "learning", "year": 2025, "unit": "score points", "values": { "CAN": 510, "USA": 502, "AUT": 497, "BEL": 490, "BGR": 421, "HRV": 476, "CYP": 411, "CZE": 490, "DNK": 478, "EST": 527, "FIN": 504, "FRA": 483, "DEU": 486, "GRC": 434, "HUN": 480, "IRL": 500, "ITA": 483, "LVA": 468, "LTU": 488, "LUX": 474, "MLT": 453, "NLD": 485, "POL": 495, "PRT": 482, "ROU": 425, "SVK": 475, "SVN": 484, "ESP": 477, "SWE": 485 }, "sourceId": "pisa-science", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/448/PISA_2025_Public_Report_EN.pdf", "note": "Published 2025 country mean, not an EU student average. Canada/US/Netherlands sampling cautions and standard errors remain relevant; the sensitivity without learning is mandatory." }, { "id": "pisa-reading", "label": "PISA reading", "domain": "learning", "year": 2025, "unit": "score points", "values": { "CAN": 490, "USA": 490, "AUT": 467, "BEL": 466, "BGR": 387, "HRV": 453, "CYP": 379, "CZE": 468, "DNK": 460, "EST": 499, "FIN": 474, "FRA": 456, "DEU": 465, "GRC": 423, "HUN": 452, "IRL": 500, "ITA": 474, "LVA": 430, "LTU": 464, "LUX": 443, "MLT": 415, "NLD": 441, "POL": 482, "PRT": 462, "ROU": 413, "SVK": 448, "SVN": 445, "ESP": 451, "SWE": 466 }, "sourceId": "pisa-reading", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/448/PISA_2025_Public_Report_EN.pdf", "note": "Published 2025 country mean, not an EU student average. Canada/US/Netherlands sampling cautions and standard errors remain relevant; the sensitivity without learning is mandatory." }, { "id": "pisa-mathematics", "label": "PISA mathematics", "domain": "learning", "year": 2025, "unit": "score points", "values": { "CAN": 485, "USA": 463, "AUT": 477, "BEL": 480, "BGR": 405, "HRV": 455, "CYP": 412, "CZE": 477, "DNK": 471, "EST": 508, "FIN": 469, "FRA": 458, "DEU": 464, "GRC": 424, "HUN": 459, "IRL": 480, "ITA": 468, "LVA": 460, "LTU": 470, "LUX": 458, "MLT": 439, "NLD": 483, "POL": 484, "PRT": 460, "ROU": 419, "SVK": 469, "SVN": 460, "ESP": 457, "SWE": 464 }, "sourceId": "pisa-mathematics", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/448/PISA_2025_Public_Report_EN.pdf", "note": "Published 2025 country mean, not an EU student average. Canada/US/Netherlands sampling cautions and standard errors remain relevant; the sensitivity without learning is mandatory." }, { "id": "wgi-va", "label": "Voice and accountability", "domain": "institutions", "year": 2024, "unit": "WGI governance-estimate statistical units", "values": { "CAN": 1.5036042, "USA": 0.8869557, "AUT": 1.4054571, "BEL": 1.4972136, "BGR": 0.2133864, "HRV": 0.6486643, "CYP": 0.8873328, "CZE": 1.2546961, "DNK": 1.8949405, "EST": 1.4144994, "FIN": 1.8535581, "FRA": 1.1486677, "DEU": 1.5981515, "GRC": 0.7818531, "HUN": -0.027728, "IRL": 1.6376655, "ITA": 1.0673476, "LVA": 1.1279498, "LTU": 1.2226462, "LUX": 1.6653277, "MLT": 0.9216359, "NLD": 1.6536633, "POL": 0.7521675, "PRT": 1.2651386, "ROU": 0.3873603, "SVK": 0.9301839, "SVN": 1.0571494, "ESP": 1.1484423, "SWE": 1.7277944 }, "sourceId": "world-bank-wgi-2025-revision-source3-20260318", "sourceUrl": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "note": "Perception-based composite estimate with measurement uncertainty; one internally consistent WGI vintage. Six correlated measures share one domain weight, not six independent votes." }, { "id": "wgi-pv", "label": "Political stability", "domain": "institutions", "year": 2024, "unit": "WGI governance-estimate statistical units", "values": { "CAN": 0.5984769, "USA": -0.0951125, "AUT": 0.4915979, "BEL": 0.1214526, "BGR": 0.0399268, "HRV": 0.5814089, "CYP": 0.3858613, "CZE": 0.9719006, "DNK": 0.7688761, "EST": 0.6995763, "FIN": 0.8325695, "FRA": -0.241365399999999, "DEU": 0.1242671, "GRC": 0.1394204, "HUN": 0.4363288, "IRL": 0.7099699, "ITA": 0.3087035, "LVA": 0.6201402, "LTU": 0.9394441, "LUX": 1.0730532, "MLT": 0.8049169, "NLD": 0.4281196, "POL": 0.498655, "PRT": 0.536927, "ROU": 0.1588848, "SVK": 0.6343713, "SVN": 0.7209146, "ESP": -0.002992, "SWE": 0.6035115 }, "sourceId": "world-bank-wgi-2025-revision-source3-20260318", "sourceUrl": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "note": "Perception-based composite estimate with measurement uncertainty; one internally consistent WGI vintage. Six correlated measures share one domain weight, not six independent votes." }, { "id": "wgi-ge", "label": "Government effectiveness", "domain": "institutions", "year": 2024, "unit": "WGI governance-estimate statistical units", "values": { "CAN": 1.7591249, "USA": 1.3599787, "AUT": 1.5145106, "BEL": 1.1947395, "BGR": 0.0428203, "HRV": 0.7097625, "CYP": 0.8696373, "CZE": 1.1773279, "DNK": 1.9128986, "EST": 1.2969908, "FIN": 1.8171611, "FRA": 1.2007009, "DEU": 1.5462994, "GRC": 0.1912731, "HUN": 0.501908, "IRL": 1.6115533, "ITA": 0.7922891, "LVA": 0.7431802, "LTU": 1.2014922, "LUX": 2.0397137, "MLT": 0.622496, "NLD": 1.7519974, "POL": 0.6734027, "PRT": 0.9474847, "ROU": 0.4181246, "SVK": 0.6575804, "SVN": 1.0893351, "ESP": 1.110811, "SWE": 1.7746948 }, "sourceId": "world-bank-wgi-2025-revision-source3-20260318", "sourceUrl": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "note": "Perception-based composite estimate with measurement uncertainty; one internally consistent WGI vintage. Six correlated measures share one domain weight, not six independent votes." }, { "id": "wgi-rq", "label": "Regulatory quality", "domain": "institutions", "year": 2024, "unit": "WGI governance-estimate statistical units", "values": { "CAN": 1.3622118, "USA": 1.3524886, "AUT": 1.3510615, "BEL": 1.2435483, "BGR": 0.2880342, "HRV": 0.2858764, "CYP": 0.7395817, "CZE": 1.2319075, "DNK": 1.9307059, "EST": 1.3977035, "FIN": 1.9635191, "FRA": 1.1461527, "DEU": 1.4980615, "GRC": 0.4796528, "HUN": 0.3350444, "IRL": 1.7944361, "ITA": 0.6401491, "LVA": 1.0998172, "LTU": 1.291591, "LUX": 1.8386524, "MLT": 0.4916338, "NLD": 1.7218271, "POL": 0.6858353, "PRT": 0.7401575, "ROU": 0.3834547, "SVK": 0.4047054, "SVN": 0.798163, "ESP": 0.6208379, "SWE": 1.6717941 }, "sourceId": "world-bank-wgi-2025-revision-source3-20260318", "sourceUrl": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "note": "Perception-based composite estimate with measurement uncertainty; one internally consistent WGI vintage. Six correlated measures share one domain weight, not six independent votes." }, { "id": "wgi-rl", "label": "Rule of law", "domain": "institutions", "year": 2024, "unit": "WGI governance-estimate statistical units", "values": { "CAN": 1.4608299, "USA": 0.9617896, "AUT": 1.6777399, "BEL": 1.282799, "BGR": -0.0333423, "HRV": 0.3774835, "CYP": 0.6891912, "CZE": 1.1881307, "DNK": 2.0043149, "EST": 1.4864478, "FIN": 2.0212705, "FRA": 0.97866, "DEU": 1.6257844, "GRC": 0.2983017, "HUN": 0.1923364, "IRL": 1.5913219, "ITA": 0.6192043, "LVA": 1.0913835, "LTU": 1.3742358, "LUX": 1.7617682, "MLT": 0.72718, "NLD": 1.7069218, "POL": 0.5769112, "PRT": 1.0721547, "ROU": 0.3710995, "SVK": 0.5609435, "SVN": 0.9786636, "ESP": 0.9317736, "SWE": 1.7267013 }, "sourceId": "world-bank-wgi-2025-revision-source3-20260318", "sourceUrl": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "note": "Perception-based composite estimate with measurement uncertainty; one internally consistent WGI vintage. Six correlated measures share one domain weight, not six independent votes." }, { "id": "wgi-cc", "label": "Control of corruption", "domain": "institutions", "year": 2024, "unit": "WGI governance-estimate statistical units", "values": { "CAN": 1.6319089, "USA": 1.0868914, "AUT": 1.2944469, "BEL": 1.4687812, "BGR": -0.240017999999999, "HRV": 0.1486813, "CYP": 0.5324784, "CZE": 0.9310659, "DNK": 2.2874751, "EST": 1.669321, "FIN": 2.1920863, "FRA": 1.2182239, "DEU": 1.7734211, "GRC": 0.2996813, "HUN": 0.0394373, "IRL": 1.572589, "ITA": 0.5531621, "LVA": 0.8251336, "LTU": 0.9927892, "LUX": 2.0157595, "MLT": 0.2667936, "NLD": 1.9100133, "POL": 0.794073, "PRT": 0.8241683, "ROU": 0.0259732, "SVK": 0.1108201, "SVN": 0.6743495, "ESP": 0.7145938, "SWE": 1.9676051 }, "sourceId": "world-bank-wgi-2025-revision-source3-20260318", "sourceUrl": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators", "note": "Perception-based composite estimate with measurement uncertainty; one internally consistent WGI vintage. 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"id": "macro-unemployment", "label": "Unemployment rate", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS" }, { "id": "macro-co2_pc", "label": "Territorial CO₂ per person", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5" }, { "id": "macro-renewable_energy", "label": "Renewable final energy", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS" }, { "id": "pisa-mathematics", "label": "PISA mathematics", "url": "https://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/448/PISA_2025_Public_Report_EN.pdf" }, { "id": "world-bank-wgi-2025-revision-source3-20260318", "label": "Control of corruption", "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators" }, { "id": "sipri-2025", "label": "SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 1949-2025 v1.2", "url": "https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex" }, { "id": "gower", "label": "Gower (1971), A General Coefficient of Similarity and Some of Its Properties", "url": 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"label": "BTOS national AI use and expectations series", "url": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/ai_national.json" }, { "id": "us-btos-methods-2026", "label": "BTOS official application methodology text", "url": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/js/app.4e808077.js" }, { "id": "polity", "label": "Polity project / Center for Systemic Peace", "url": "https://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html" } ], "sourceProvenance": "source-provenance.json", "method": { "schema": "three-versions-proximity-contract/v1", "revision": "research-r1", "declaredBeforeEstimation": true, "question": "Across explicitly chosen institutional, economic and social dimensions, does Canada's measured country profile sit closer to the United States or to the current EU27 member-country profile?", "notTheQuestion": [ "Which society is best?", "Which political identity should Canada adopt?", "What causes the differences?", "What is the probability that Canada belongs to Europe?" ], "referenceUniverse": { "countries": [ "CAN", "USA", "AUT", "BEL", "BGR", "HRV", "CYP", "CZE", "DNK", "EST", "FIN", "FRA", "DEU", "GRC", "HUN", "IRL", "ITA", "LVA", "LTU", "LUX", "MLT", "NLD", "POL", "PRT", "ROU", "SVK", "SVN", "ESP", "SWE" ], "EU": "Fixed current EU27 membership. The comparison profile is a constructed summary of member countries, not an official EU aggregate or a federal government.", "defaultEUProfile": "Coordinate-wise median of member-country normalized indicators; equal country representation.", "additionalEUViews": [ "Arithmetic member mean", "Population-weighted member mean", "All 27 individual member distances" ] }, "dataGate": { "primaryWindow": "For each ordinary indicator choose the latest single year in 2020-2024 with finite observations for all 29 countries; no country-specific latest-year mixing.", "surveyException": "Existing independently verified PISA 2025 country means form one separately labeled learning domain.", "institutionException": "Use a single internally consistent institutional source vintage. A clearly labeled later institution snapshot is a sensitivity/explanatory view, not silently mixed into the baseline.", "missing": "No mean imputation, no zero for missing values, and no omission of an inconvenient country. Indicators failing coverage are excluded with a recorded reason.", "incompatible": "AI adoption surveys with different business universes, question wording or periods remain outside the proximity score.", "size": "Exclude total GDP, population and absolute military totals from similarity scoring so geographic scale cannot dominate; they remain context.", "redundancy": "Prefer one indicator for an accounting identity or near-duplicate concept. Group closely related indicators into one domain so a provider's many series cannot create many independent votes." }, "baseline": { "method": "Equal-domain numeric Gower distance", "normalization": "For each indicator, (value - minimum)/(maximum - minimum), using the fixed 29-country observation window. A constant indicator is uninformative and is excluded.", "distance": "Within each domain, average absolute normalized differences; average those domain distances with equal domain weights.", "orientation": "No good/bad polarity is needed: similarity is symmetric and does not reward a higher value.", "proximityIndex": "100 * distance(Canada, USA) / [distance(Canada, USA) + distance(Canada, EU profile)]", "interpretation": "0 is identical to the US benchmark and 100 identical to the constructed EU profile; 50 denotes equal distance. This is a relative distance index, not a percentage of Canadian identity, a welfare score, or a probability.", "degenerate": "If both distances are zero, report an undifferentiated comparison rather than dividing by zero." }, "methodComparison": [ { "method": "Equal-domain Gower L1", "decision": "baseline", "reason": "Transparent units, bounded normalized distances, direct domain decomposition and no covariance inversion with few countries." }, { "method": "Empirical percentile distances", "decision": "sensitivity", "reason": "Less sensitive to the magnitude of extreme values such as Luxembourg's GDP, but discards cardinal distances." }, { "method": "Euclidean distance on normalized values", "decision": "sensitivity", "reason": "Makes larger deviations more influential; preserves the same selected data and domain weights." }, { "method": "Mahalanobis or a PCA-defined similarity score", "decision": "rejected as baseline", "reason": "The number of indicators can approach the 29-country sample size; covariance regularization and latent weights would be unstable and harder to audit. A two-dimensional projection is not the full distance." } ], "domainCandidates": [ "Production and innovative capacity", "Economic structure and external openness", "Public finance and defence", "Health and health financing", "Demography and labour", "Climate and energy", "Learning", "Institutions" ], "sensitivityRequired": [ "Equal-domain versus equal-indicator weights", "L1 versus normalized Euclidean distance", "Range versus empirical percentile normalization", "EU median, equal-member mean and population-weighted profile", "Leave one domain out and leave one indicator out", "Country-neighbor comparison rather than only a synthetic EU centroid", "2019/earlier-common-year comparison on the same eligible indicator subset when source coverage permits", "Sampling-cautioned learning domain excluded", "A deterministic, evenly sampled domain-weight scenario set, explicitly not a sampling distribution or probability" ], "reporting": { "noPreselectedAnswer": true, "headline": "Write the verdict only after estimating the frozen baseline and its sensitivities. If the sign changes materially, lead with conditionality rather than an unqualified affiliation.", "uncertainty": "Separate survey/institution measurement uncertainty from researcher-choice sensitivity. Do not label a scenario interval a statistical confidence interval.", "portable": "Export the selected data, definitions, normalized values, domain distances, exact weights and restorable reader state.", "originalStory": "Preserve the existing three-region story and its refusal of an overall welfare ranking; append this explicitly different similarity exercise." } } }