{
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "ess6-e2.7",
      "round": 6,
      "edition": "2.7",
      "doi": "10.21338/ess6e02_7",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ess.sikt.no/en/datafile/450fa78e-68ab-493f-b169-dbc7ab8ffec2",
      "license": "ESS not-for-profit use terms",
      "savSha256": "cf5b98b339c536e2eaf7825fc5c0ad7094935700c98b80c9122ad994c90afd2c",
      "fieldworkStart": "2012-01-31",
      "fieldworkEnd": "2013-12-16"
    },
    {
      "id": "ess10-e3.3",
      "round": 10,
      "edition": "3.3",
      "doi": "10.21338/ess10e03_3",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ess.sikt.no/en/datafile/f37d014a-6958-42d4-b03b-17c29e481d3d",
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      "fieldworkStart": "2020-09-18",
      "fieldworkEnd": "2022-09-02"
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  ],
  "questionnaires": [
    {
      "round": 6,
      "file": "ESS6_source_main_questionnaire.pdf",
      "sha256": "34cc7c973281858fb45d84c20e4a8ed4a3aa68a0901e4e56d51171439658bebd",
      "url": "https://stessrelpubprodwe.blob.core.windows.net/data/round6/fieldwork/source/ESS6_source_main_questionnaire.pdf"
    },
    {
      "round": 10,
      "file": "ESS10_source_questionnaires.pdf",
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      "url": "https://stessrelpubprodwe.blob.core.windows.net/data/round10/fieldwork/source/ESS10_source_questionnaires.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "principles": [
    {
      "id": "elections",
      "label": "Free and fair elections",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "fairelc",
        "label": "National elections are free and fair"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "fairelcc",
        "label": "In country national elections are free and fair"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E1",
          "performance": "E17",
          "pages": [
            27,
            30
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D1",
          "performance": "D13",
          "pages": [
            35,
            38
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "alternatives",
      "label": "Clear party alternatives",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "dfprtal",
        "label": "Different political parties offer clear alternatives to one another"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "dfprtalc",
        "label": "In country different political parties offer clear alternatives to one another"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E3",
          "performance": "E19",
          "pages": [
            27,
            30
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D2",
          "performance": "D14",
          "pages": [
            35,
            38
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "media",
      "label": "Media freedom",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "medcrgv",
        "label": "The media are free to criticise the government"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "medcrgvc",
        "label": "In country the media are free to criticise the government"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E5",
          "performance": "E21",
          "pages": [
            27,
            30
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D3",
          "performance": "D15",
          "pages": [
            35,
            38
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "minorities",
      "label": "Minority rights",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "rghmgpr",
        "label": "The rights of minority groups are protected"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "rghmgprc",
        "label": "In country the rights of minority groups are protected"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E7",
          "performance": "E23",
          "pages": [
            28,
            31
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D4",
          "performance": "D16",
          "pages": [
            35,
            38
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "referendums",
      "label": "Direct referendums",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "votedir",
        "label": "Citizens have the final say on political issues by voting directly in referendums"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "votedirc",
        "label": "In country citizens have the final say on political issues by voting directly in referendums"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E8",
          "performance": "E24",
          "pages": [
            28,
            31
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D5",
          "performance": "D17",
          "pages": [
            35,
            38
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "courts",
      "label": "Equal treatment by courts",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "cttresa",
        "label": "The courts treat everyone the same"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "cttresac",
        "label": "In country the courts treat everyone the same"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E10",
          "performance": "E25",
          "pages": [
            28,
            31
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D6",
          "performance": "D18",
          "pages": [
            36,
            39
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "accountability",
      "label": "Electoral accountability",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "gptpelc",
        "label": "Governing parties are punished in elections when they have done a bad job"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "gptpelcc",
        "label": "In country governing parties are punished in elections when they have done a bad job"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E12",
          "performance": "E26",
          "pages": [
            29,
            32
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D7",
          "performance": "D19",
          "pages": [
            36,
            39
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "poverty",
      "label": "Protection against poverty",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "gvctzpv",
        "label": "The government protects all citizens against poverty"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "gvctzpvc",
        "label": "In country the government protects all citizens against poverty"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E13",
          "performance": "E27",
          "pages": [
            29,
            32
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D8",
          "performance": "D20",
          "pages": [
            36,
            39
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "redistribution",
      "label": "Reducing income differences",
      "importance": {
        "variable": "grdfinc",
        "label": "The government takes measures to reduce differences in income levels"
      },
      "performance": {
        "variable": "grdfincc",
        "label": "In country the government takes measures to reduce differences in income levels"
      },
      "questions": {
        "6": {
          "importance": "E15",
          "performance": "E29",
          "pages": [
            29,
            32
          ]
        },
        "10": {
          "importance": "D9",
          "performance": "D21",
          "pages": [
            36,
            39
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  ],
  "scales": {
    "importance": {
      "minimum": 0,
      "maximum": 10,
      "minimumLabel": "Not at all important for democracy in general",
      "maximumLabel": "Extremely important for democracy in general"
    },
    "performance": {
      "minimum": 0,
      "maximum": 10,
      "minimumLabel": "Does not apply at all",
      "maximumLabel": "Applies completely"
    }
  },
  "historicalDesignCoverage": [
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "AL",
      "respondents": 1201,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "BE",
      "respondents": 1869,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "BG",
      "respondents": 2260,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "CH",
      "respondents": 1493,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "CY",
      "respondents": 1116,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "CZ",
      "respondents": 2009,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "DE",
      "respondents": 2958,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "DK",
      "respondents": 1650,
      "designEligible": false,
      "reason": "Design supplement contains missing country codes; no respondent identity was imputed.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "EE",
      "respondents": 2380,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "ES",
      "respondents": 1889,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "FI",
      "respondents": 2197,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "FR",
      "respondents": 1968,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "GB",
      "respondents": 2286,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "HU",
      "respondents": 2014,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "IE",
      "respondents": 2628,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "IL",
      "respondents": 2508,
      "designEligible": false,
      "reason": "Design supplement does not match every respondent key.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "IS",
      "respondents": 752,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "IT",
      "respondents": 960,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "LT",
      "respondents": 2109,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "NL",
      "respondents": 1845,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "NO",
      "respondents": 1624,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "PL",
      "respondents": 1898,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "PT",
      "respondents": 2151,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "RU",
      "respondents": 2484,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "SE",
      "respondents": 1847,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "SI",
      "respondents": 1257,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "SK",
      "respondents": 1847,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "UA",
      "respondents": 2178,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    },
    {
      "round": 6,
      "country": "XK",
      "respondents": 1295,
      "designEligible": true,
      "reason": "Complete one-to-one design join with positive between-PSU degrees of freedom.",
      "nonclusteredByDocumentedDesign": false
    }
  ],
  "exclusions": [
    "Round-6-only discussion, opposition freedom, media reliability, citizenship, government explanation and international-view items are not pooled.",
    "Round-10-only populist and sovereignty items have no Round 6 comparison.",
    "Round 10 D28 is a randomized-order forced-choice priority experiment, not a 0-10 importance rating.",
    "Branch-routed responsiveness, expression and coalition choices have different universes and are outside the primary pair set.",
    "Overall democratic satisfaction and importance of living in a democracy are separate constructs, not replacements for these principle pairs."
  ],
  "interpretation": "Importance and perceived performance have different response anchors. Their difference is a descriptive subtraction of two 0-10 ratings, not an objective institutional deficit, a validated cardinal scale or a causal effect.",
  "translationBoundary": "Source English wording and national metadata are reviewed; country-specific evaluation terms and functional party/candidate substitutions are permitted by the source questionnaire. Independent retranslation of all national questionnaires and measurement invariance are not claimed."
}