ESS-15 / Belonging & identity
Three ways to leave religion
Is Europe secularizing through belief, belonging or practice?
PlannedWave 3Research question, not a published result
The question
Separate religious identification, personal religiosity and observance, which need not change together.
What the analysis will test
- Primary quantity
- Distinct trends in affiliation, religiosity, attendance and prayer.
- Evidence
- ESS rounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Modules: core.
- Primary comparison
- Aligned multimeasure trajectories. The final form depends on validated data and uncertainty.
- Publication threshold
- Pinned source editions, reviewed questionnaire comparability, survey-design-aware intervals, disclosure checks and reproducible aggregate outputs.
What this evidence does not prove
These measures are not parts of a constant-sum whole; a ternary encoding would be invalid without a defensible transformation.
The ESS interviews different probability samples in each round. It measures structural differences and change, not today's mood or the same individuals over time.
Sources and next release
This page reserves the permanent address for ESS-15. Estimates and downloads will appear here after the data, statistical, editorial and reproducibility checks pass.