ESS-12 / Belonging & identity
Does contact change the boundary?
Is contact with immigrants associated with lower cultural threat, or only among people already predisposed to tolerance?
PlannedWave 2Research question, not a published result
The question
Test how contact and attitudes vary with values, education and prior orientation instead of assuming contact is randomly assigned.
What the analysis will test
- Primary quantity
- Heterogeneous contact-threat associations by measured predisposition.
- Evidence
- ESS rounds 1, 7, 12. Modules: immigration, human values. Round 12 is a future release target and is not included as observed evidence.
- Primary comparison
- Contact gradients with intervals. The final form depends on validated data and uncertainty.
- Publication threshold
- Pinned source editions, reviewed questionnaire comparability, survey-design-aware intervals, disclosure checks and reproducible aggregate outputs.
What this evidence does not prove
Selection into contact prevents a causal interpretation without an additional identification design.
The ESS interviews different probability samples in each round. It measures structural differences and change, not today's mood or the same individuals over time.
Sources and next release
This page reserves the permanent address for ESS-12. Estimates and downloads will appear here after the data, statistical, editorial and reproducibility checks pass.