ESS-18 / Gender, work & age
Does parenthood change the rules?
Does parenthood make men and women more traditional in different ways?
PlannedWave 3Research question, not a published result
The question
Compare parents and nonparents at similar life stages, with attention to work, partnership and the age of children.
What the analysis will test
- Primary quantity
- Adjusted gender-attitude profiles by parenthood and life stage.
- Evidence
- ESS rounds 11. Modules: gender, core.
- Primary comparison
- Parenthood gradients with intervals. The final form depends on validated data and uncertainty.
- Publication threshold
- Pinned source editions, reviewed questionnaire comparability, survey-design-aware intervals, disclosure checks and reproducible aggregate outputs.
What this evidence does not prove
Selection into parenthood and unobserved prior attitudes prevent interpreting these differences as within-person change.
The ESS interviews different probability samples in each round. It measures structural differences and change, not today's mood or the same individuals over time.
Sources and next release
This page reserves the permanent address for ESS-18. Estimates and downloads will appear here after the data, statistical, editorial and reproducibility checks pass.