ESS-25 / Health, climate & fairness
Did Europe change, or the survey?
Does survey mode change the Europe we think we see?
PlannedMethodological flagshipResearch question, not a published result
The question
Inspect mode-sensitive items and country discontinuities before treating a shift in answers as a shift in society.
What the analysis will test
- Primary quantity
- Mode-associated item gaps with country-round controls and discontinuity diagnostics.
- Evidence
- ESS rounds 10, 11, 12. Modules: mode, core. Round 12 is a future release target and is not included as observed evidence.
- Primary comparison
- Mode gaps beside country gaps. The final form depends on validated data and uncertainty.
- Publication threshold
- Pinned source editions, reviewed questionnaire comparability, survey-design-aware intervals, disclosure checks and reproducible aggregate outputs.
What this evidence does not prove
Mode is not randomly assigned across countries; observational mode differences are not automatically causal mode effects.
The ESS interviews different probability samples in each round. It measures structural differences and change, not today's mood or the same individuals over time.
Sources and next release
This page reserves the permanent address for ESS-25. Estimates and downloads will appear here after the data, statistical, editorial and reproducibility checks pass.